Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh

CPL Aeroplane Exam Syllabus

1,903 topics · 9 subjects · Aeroplane

CPL requirements — hours, age and medical →

Contents

Filtered to CPL — Aeroplane

CAAB publishes one syllabus for CPL, ATPL and the Instrument Rating, marking each topic with the licences it applies to. Everything below is what carries a mark for CPL — Aeroplane — the rest of the document has been removed.

What CAAB says about these examinations

As depicted in Rule 24(b)/29(b), 26(b)/30(b) and 32(a)/32A(a) of CAR '84 (Part-1), an applicant, for issue of Commercial/Airline Transport Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter and for issue of Instrument Rating for Aeroplane/Helicopter shall have passed at least Higher Secondary School Certificate (Science) Examination with Physics and Mathematics or its Equivalent and shall have passed a written Examination conducted by Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh in the subjects and associated syllabi thereof. The subjects are:

  • 1.AIR LAW
  • 2.AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
  • 3.FLIGHT PERFORMANCE & PLANNING
  • 4.HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
  • 5.METEOROLOGY
  • 6.NAVIGATION
  • 7.OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
  • 8.PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
  • 9.RADIOTELEPHONY

This syllabus for each subject shall supersede all syllabi issued before in this context. No alteration shall be allowed in the syllabus without the approval of Chairman, CAAB.

Before imparting lessons to the trainees, all authorized Training Institutions/Organizations/ Operators etc, shall prepare 'Lesson Plans' on the syllabus of each subject and shall get the same approved by CAAB.

Examinations are to be conducted out of 50 Marks for each of Operations Procedures & Radiotelephony and out of 100 Marks for each of the remaining subjects.

Examination Papers for each subject shall contain a few Descriptive (about 20% of the full marks), Multiple Choices (about 60% of the full marks), True/False (about 10% of the full marks) and Fill in the Blanks (about 10% of the full marks).

Reproduced from printed pp. 24–109.

Some rows are marked “source unclear”

A few rows in the printed syllabus have all six licence columns left blank while every row around them is marked. They are shown here under the preceding row's licences rather than hidden, and tagged so you can see which ones they are.

Air Law181 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 25–31
  • (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the rules and regulations, rules of the air and appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.
  • (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the rules and regulations, rules of the air; appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.
  • (c).For issue of Instrument rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the rules and regulations relevant to flight under IFR, related to air traffic services practices and procedures.
  • AIR LAW
  • International Agreements and Organisations
  • The convention of Chicago
  • Air Navigation
  • general principles and application: sovereignty, territory
  • flight over territory of Contracting States: right of non-
    • scheduled flight, scheduled air services, sabotage, landing at
  • customs airports, applicability of air regulations, rules of the
    • air, search of aircraft
  • measures to facilitate air navigation: customs duty,
    • conditions to be fulfilled with respect to aircraft:
    • certificates of airworthiness, licences of personnel,
    • recognition of certificates and licences, cargo restrictions,
    • photographic apparatus: documents to be carried in aircraft
  • adoption of international standards and procedures,
    • endorsement of certificates and licences, validity of
    • endorsed certificates and licences: departure from
    • international standards and procedures (notification of
    • differences)
  • The International Civil Aviation Organisation
  • objectives and composition
  • Structure and offices
  • Other International agreements
  • PIC authority and responsibility regarding safety and security
  • Operators and pilots liabilities towards persons and goods on the
  • ground, in case of damage and injury caused by the operation of
  • the aircraft.
  • Commercial practices and associated rules (leasing)
  • Dry lease
  • wet lease
  • Annex 8 – Airworthiness of Air Craft
  • applicability
  • Annex 7- Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
  • applicability
  • Annex 1- Personnel Licensing
  • applicability
  • Rules of the Air (Based on Annex 2)
  • Annex 2.
  • essential definitions, applicability of the rules of air, general
    • rules (except water operations), visual flight rules,
    • instrument flight rules, signals interception of civil aircraft,
    • table of cruising levels
  • Procedures for Air Navigation – Aircraft Operations Doc.8168-
  • Ops/611, Volume 1
  • Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030-
  • regional supplementary procedures)
  • basic requirements (except tables), procedures applicable
    • to operators and pilots (except table)
  • Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures
  • (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary
  • procedures)
  • operation of transponders
  • operation of ACAS equipment
  • phraseology
  • Air Traffic Services (Based on Annex 11 and Doc. 4444)
  • Air Traffic Services – Annex 11
  • definitions (see general statements)
  • General
  • objective of ATS, divisions of ATS, designation of the
    • portions of the airspace and controlled aerodromes
    • where ATS will be provided, classification of airspaces
    • (appendix 4 of annex 11), required navigation
    • performance (RNP), establishment and designation of
    • the units providing ATS, specifications for flight
    • information regions, control areas and control zones,
    • minimum flight altitudes, priority in the event of an
    • aircraft in emergency, in flight contingencies, time in
    • ATS
  • Flight Information Service
  • application
  • scope of flight information service
  • operational flight information service broadcasts
  • Alerting Service
  • application, notification of rescue co-ordination centres
    • (only INCERFA, ALERFA, DETRESFA), information
    • to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aircraft in a
    • state of emergency
  • Principles governing the Identification of RNP types and the
  • identification of ATS routes other than standard departure and
  • arrival routes (Appendix 1)
  • Rules of the air and air traffic services (ICAO Doc. 4444-
  • RAC/501/11 and ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional supplementary
  • procedures)
  • definitions (see general statements)
  • relationship to other document
  • General provisions
  • general air traffic services operating practices:
    • submission of a flight plan, change from IFR to VFR
    • flight, clearances and information, control of air traffic
    • flow, altimeter setting procedures, indication of heavy
    • wake turbulence category and MLS capacity, position
    • reporting, air traffic incident report, procedures in
    • regard to aircraft equipped with airborne collision
    • avoidance systems (ACAS)
  • Appendix 1
  • Approach Control Service
  • departing aircraft: general procedures for departing
    • aircraft, clearances for departing aircraft to climb
    • maintaining own separation while in visual
    • meteorological conditions, information for departing
    • aircraft
  • arriving aircraft: general procedures for arriving
    • aircraft, clearance to descend subject to maintaining
    • own separation in visual meteorological conditions,
    • visual approach, instrument approach, holding,
    • approach sequence, expected approach time,
    • information for arriving aircraft
  • Aerodrome Control Service
  • functions of aerodrome control towers: general alerting
    • service provided by aerodrome control towers,
    • suspension of VFR operations by aerodrome control
    • towers
  • traffic and taxi circuits: selection of runway-in-use
  • information to aircraft by aerodrome control towers:
    • information on aerodrome conditions
  • control of aerodrome traffic: order of priority for
    • arriving and departing aircraft, control of departing and
    • arriving aircraft, wake turbulence categorization of
    • aircraft and increased longitudinal separation minima,
    • authorization of special VFR flights
  • Flight information Service and Alerting Service
  • flight information service
  • alerting service
  • Aeronautical Information Service (Based on Annex 15)
  • Annex 15
  • Essential definitions
  • Applicability
  • Aerodromes (Based on Annex 14, Vol 1& 2)
  • Annex 14
  • definitions
  • Aerodrome data:
  • Visual aids for denoting obstacles
  • marking of objects
  • lighting of objects
  • Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas
  • Emergency and other services
  • rescue and fire fighting
  • apron management service
  • ground servicing of aircraft
  • Attachment A to Annex 14
  • calculation of declared distances
  • radio altimeter operating areas
  • approach lighting systems
  • Facilitation (Based on Annex 9)
  • definitions
  • Entry and departure of aircraft
  • description, purpose and use of aircraft documents:
    • general declaration
  • Search and Rescue (Based on Annex 12)
  • Annex 12
  • definitions
  • Organisation
  • establishment and provision of SAR service
  • establishment of SAR regions
  • establishment and designation of SAR services units
  • Co-operation
  • co-operation between States
  • co-operation with other services
  • Operating procedures
  • procedures for pilots-in-command at the scene of an
    • accident
  • procedures for pilots-in-command intercepting a distress
    • transmission
  • search and rescue signals
  • Search and rescue signals:
  • signals with surface craft
  • ground/air visual signal code
  • air/ground signals
  • Security (Based on Annex 17)
  • Annex 17
  • General:
  • aims and objectives
  • Organisation
  • co-operation and co-ordination
  • Aircraft Accident Investigation (Based on Annex 13)
  • Annex 13
  • definitions
  • applicability

Practice this subject

Air Law 671 questions
Aircraft General Knowledge516 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 32–50
  • (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
  • i.Principles of operation and functioning of aeroplane/helicopter power plants, systems and instruments,
  • ii.Operating limitations of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopter and power plants; relevant operational information from the flight manual or other appropriate document,
  • iii.Use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopters,
  • iv.Maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and power plants of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopters,

relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.

  • (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
  • i.General characteristics and limitations of electrical, hydraulic, pressurization and other aeroplane/helicopter systems, flight control systems, including autopilot and stability augmentation,
  • ii.Principles of operation, handling procedures and operating limitations of aeroplane/helicopter powerplants, effects of atmospheric conditions on engine performance, relevant operational information from the flight manual or other appropriate document,
  • iii.Operating procedures and limitations of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopter, effects of atmospheric conditions on aeroplane/helicopter performance,
  • iv.Use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopter,
  • v.Flight instruments, compasses, turning and acceleration errors, gyroscopic instruments, operational limits and precession effects, practices and procedures in the event of malfunctions of various flight instruments,
  • vi.Maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and powerplants of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopter,

relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.

  • (c).For issue of Instrument Rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
  • i.The use and serviceability of avionics and instruments necessary for the control and navigation of aeroplanes/helicopters under IFR and in Instrument meteorological conditions, use and limitations of autopilot.
  • ii.Compasses, turning and acceleration errors, gyroscopic instruments, operational limits and precession effects, practices and procedures in the event of malfunctions of various flight instruments.
  • AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
  • AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWERPLANT,
  • EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT – AEROPLANES
  • AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS – AEROPLANES
  • Fuselage
    • types of construction
    • structural components and materials
    • stress
  • Cockpit and cabin windows
    • construction (laminated glass)
    • structural limitations
  • Wings
    • types of construction
    • structural components and materials
    • stress relief of engines, etc.
    • stress
  • Landing Gear
    • types
    • construction
    • locking devices and emergency extension
      • systems
    • accidental retraction prevention devices
    • position, movement lights and indicators
    • nose wheel steering
    • wheels and tyres (construction, limitations)
    • braking systems
      • construction
      • parking brake
      • mode of operation of anti-skid system
      • mode of operations of auto brake system
      • operation, indications and warning
        • systems
  • Flight Controls (construction and operation)
  • Primary controls:
    • elevator, aileron and rudder
    • trim
    • mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic,
      • electrical, fly-by-wire)
    • operation, indicators, warning devices and
      • controls
    • efforts to transmit
  • Secondary controls:
    • leading and trailing edge lift augmentation
      • devices
    • lift dumping and speed brakes
    • variable elevator
    • mode of actuation (mechanical, hydraulic,
      • electrical, fly by-wire)
    • operation, indicators, warning devices
    • danger situations and potential failures
  • Hydraulics
  • Basic principles of hydromechanics
    • hydraulic fluids
    • schematic construction and functioning of
      • hydraulic systems
  • Hydraulic systems
    • main, standby and emergency systems
    • operation, indicators, warning systems
    • ancillary systems
  • Air driven systems (piston engines only)
  • Air conditioning system
    • heating and cooling
    • construction, functioning and controls
  • Pressurisation
    • cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude,
      • differential pressure
    • pressurized zones in the aircraft
    • operation and indicators
    • safety devices and warning systems
    • rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning
    • emergency procedures
  • De-ice systems
    • pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings and
      • control surfaces
    • schematic construction
    • operational limitations
    • initiation/timing of de-icing system usage
  • Air Driven Systems (Turbo propeller and Jet aircraft)
  • Pneumatic system
    • power sources
    • schematic construction
    • potential failures, warning devices
    • operation, indicators, warning systems
    • pneumatic operated systems
  • Air conditioning system
    • construction, functioning, operation, indicators
      • and warning devices
    • heating and cooling
    • temperature regulation
    • automatic and manual
    • ram air ventilation
    • schematic construction
  • Anti-ice systems
    • aerofoil (Aeroplane), aerofoil/rotors (Helicopter)
      • and control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes,
      • windshield
    • schematic construction, operating limitations and
      • initiation, timing of de-icing system usage
    • ice warning system
  • Pressurisation
    • cabin altitude, maximum cabin altitude,
      • differential pressure
    • pressurized zones in the aircraft
    • operation and indicators
    • safety devices and warning systems
    • rapid decompression, cabin altitude warning
    • emergency procedures
  • Schematic construction, functioning and operation of: '
    • air intake
    • propeller (Aeroplane); propeller/rotors
      • (Helicopter)
    • pilot, static pressure sensor and stall warning
      • devices
    • windshield
    • weeping wing system
    • rain repellent system
  • Fuel system
  • Fuel tanks
    • structural components and types
    • location of tanks on single-and multi-engine
      • aircraft
    • sequence and types of refuelling
    • unusable fuel
  • Fuel feed
    • gravity and pressure feed
    • cross feed
    • schematic construction
  • Fuel dumping system
  • Fuel system monitoring
    • operation, indicators, warning systems
    • fuel management (sequencing fuel tank
      • switching)
    • dip stick
  • ELECTRICS
  • Direct Current (DC) (ATPL and CPL); Direct/Alternating
  • Current (DC/AC) (IR)
  • General
    • electric circuits
    • voltage, current, resistance
    • Ohm's law
    • Resistive circuits
    • Resistance as a function of temperature
    • Electrical power, electrical work
    • Fuses (function, type and operation)
    • the electrical field
    • the capacitor (function)
  • Magnetism
    • permanent magnetism
    • electromagnetism
      • relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve
        • (principle, function and applications
    • electromagnetic power
    • electromagnetic induction
  • Generators
    • alternator:
      • principle, function and applications
      • monitoring devices
      • regulation, control and protection
      • modes of excitation
    • starter generator
  • Distribution
    • current distribution (buses)
    • monitoring of electrical flight
      • instruments/systems:
      • ammeter, voltmeter
      • annunciators
    • electrical consumers
    • DC power distribution:
      • construction, operation and system
        • monitoring
      • elementary switching circuits
  • Inverter (applications)
  • The aircraft structure as an electrical conductor
  • Alternating Current (AC)
  • General
    • single and multi-phases AC
    • frequency
    • phase shift
    • AC components
  • Generators
    • 3-phase generator
    • brushless generator (construction and operation)
    • generator drive:
      • constant speed drive
      • integrated drive
  • AC power distribution
    • construction, operation and monitoring
    • protection circuits, paralleling of AC-generators
  • Transformers
    • function
    • types and applications
  • Transformer/rectifier units
  • Semiconductor
    • principles of semiconductors
    • semiconductor resistors (properties and
      • application)
    • rectifier (function and applications)
    • transistor (function and applications)
    • diode (function and applications)
  • Basic knowledge of computers
  • Logic circuits
  • Logical symbols
  • Switching circuits and logical symbols
  • Basic radio propagation theory
  • Basic principles
    • electromagnetic waves
    • wave length, amplitude, phase angle, frequency
    • frequency bands, sideband, single sideband
    • pulse characteristics
    • carrier, modulation, demodulation
    • kinds of modulation (amplitude, frequency,
      • pulse, multiples)
    • oscillation circuits
  • Antennas
    • characteristics
    • polarization
    • types of antennas
  • Wave propagation
    • ground waves
    • space waves
    • propagation with the frequency bands
    • frequency prognosis (MUF)
    • fading
    • factors affecting propagation (reflection,
      • absorption, interference, twilight, shoreline,
      • shoreline, mountain, static)
  • POWERPLANT
  • Piston engine
  • General
    • design types
    • principles of the 4-stroke internal combustion
      • engine
    • mechanical components
  • Air cooling
    • system monitoring
    • cylinder head temperature
    • cowl flaps
  • Ignition
    • schematic construction and function
    • types of ignition
    • magneto check
  • Engine fuel supply
    • carburettor (construction and mode of operation,
      • carburettor icing)
    • fuel injection (construction and mode of
      • operation)
    • alternate air
  • Engine performance
    • pressure/density altitude
    • performance as a function of pressure and
      • temperature
  • Power augmentation devices
    • turbocharger, supercharger (construction and
      • effect on engine performance)
  • Fuel
    • types, grades
    • detonation characteristics, octane rating
    • colour coding
    • additives
    • water content, ice formation
    • fuel density
    • alternate fuels, differences in specification,
      • limitations
  • Mixture
    • rich and lean mixture
    • maximum power and fuel economy mixture
      • setting
  • Engine handing and manipulation
    • power setting, power range
    • mixture setting
    • operational limitations
  • Operational criteria
    • maximum and minimum RPM
    • (induced) engine vibration and critical RPM
    • remedial action by abnormal engine start, run-up
      • and in-flight
  • Turbine engine
  • Principles of operation
  • Types of construction
    • centrifugal
    • axial flow
    • free turbine
    • single shaft turbine
    • turboprop
    • turbojet
    • turbofan
  • Engine construction
  • Air inlet
    • function
  • Compressor
    • function
    • construction and mode of operation
    • effects of damage
    • compressor stall and surge (cause and avoidance)
    • compressor characteristics
  • Diffusor
    • function
  • Combustion chamber
    • function, types and working principles
    • mixing rations
    • fuel injectors
    • thermal load
  • Turbine
    • function, construction and working principles
    • thermal and mechanical stress
    • effects of damage
    • monitoring of exhaust gas temperature
  • Jet pipe
    • function
    • different types
    • noise silencing devices
  • Pressure, temperature and airflow in a turbine engine
  • Performance and thrust augmentation
    • water injection, principles of operation
    • use and system monitoring
  • Bleed air
    • effect of use of bleed air on thrust, exhaust
      • temperature, RPM and pressure ratio
    • effect of use of bleed air on performance
  • Auxiliary gearbox
    • function
  • Engine systems
  • Ignition
    • function, types, components, operation, safety
      • aspects
  • Starter
    • function, type, construction and mode of
      • operation
    • control and monitoring
    • self sustaining and idle speeds
  • Engine start malfunctions
    • cause and avoidance
  • Fuel system
    • construction, components
    • operation and monitoring
    • malfunctions
  • Lubrication
    • construction, components
    • operation and monitoring
    • malfunctions
  • Fuel
    • effects of temperature
    • impurities
    • additives
  • Thrust
    • thrust formula
    • flat rated engine
    • thrust as a function of airspeed, air density,
      • pressures, temperature and RPM
  • Powerplant operation and monitoring
  • Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
  • Ram air turbine
    • function
  • EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
  • Doors and emergency exits
    • accessibility
    • normal and emergency operation
    • markings
    • floor exit markings
    • crew emergency exits
    • passenger emergency exits
    • evacuation slides, general usage or as life rafts or
      • flotation devices
  • Smoke detection
    • location, indicators, function test
  • Fire fighting equipment
    • location, warning mode, function test
  • Fire fighting equipment
    • location, operation, contents, gauge, function
  • Aircraft oxygen equipment
    • principles of operation
    • protection and surveillance devices
    • drill, use of equipment in case of rapid
      • decompression
    • comparison of constant flow and demand outlet
      • masks
    • oxygen generators
    • dangers of oxygen use, safety measures
  • Emergency equipment
    • portable, hand-held fire extinguisher
    • smoke mask, smoke protection hood
    • portable oxygen system
    • emergency locator beacon, transmitter
    • life jacket, life raft
    • pocket lamp, emergency lighting
    • megaphone
    • crash axe
    • fireproof gloves
    • emergency flotation system
  • FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
  • Air data instruments
  • Pilot and static system
  • Pilot tube, construction and principles of operation
  • static source
  • malfunction
  • heating
  • alternate static source
  • Altimeter
  • construction and principles of operation
  • display and setting
  • errors
  • correction tables
  • tolerances
  • Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
  • aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI)
  • construction and principles of operation
  • display
  • Gyroscopic instruments
  • Gyro fundamentals
  • theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession)
  • types, construction and principles of operation
    • vertical gyro
    • directional gyro
    • rate gyro
    • rate integrating gyro
    • single degree-of-freedom gyro
    • ring laser gyro
  • apparent drift
  • random drift
  • mountings
  • drive types, monitoring
  • Directional gyro
  • construction and principles of operation
  • Slaved gyro compass
  • construction and principles of operation
  • components
  • mounting and modes of operation
  • turn and acceleration errors
  • application, uses of output data
  • Attitude indicator (vertical gyro)
  • construction and principles of operation
  • display types
  • turn and acceleration errors
  • application, uses of output data
  • Magnetic compass
  • construction and principles of operation
  • errors (deviation, effect of inclination)
  • Radio Altimeter
  • components
  • frequency band
  • principle of operation
  • display
  • errors
  • Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)
  • information display types
  • data input
  • control panel, display unit
  • example of a typical aircraft installation
  • AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS
  • Autopilot
  • function and application
  • types (different axes)
  • block diagram, components
  • lateral modes
  • longitudinal modes
  • common modes
  • autoland, sequence of operation
  • system concepts for autoland, go around, take-off, fail
  • passive, fail operational (redundant)
  • control modes
  • signal interfacing to control surfaces
  • operation and programming for various flight phases
  • system monitoring
  • limitations, operational restrictions
  • Yaw Damper/Stability augmentation system
  • function
  • block diagram, components
  • signal interfacing to vertical stabilizer
  • Warnings general
  • classification of warning
  • display, indicator systems
  • Stall warning
  • function
  • constituent components of a simplified system
  • block diagram, components of a system with angle-of-
  • attack indicator
  • operation
  • Pressure gauge
  • sensors
  • pressure indicators
  • meaning of coloured sectors
  • Temperature gauge
  • sensors
  • ram rise, recovery factor
  • temperature indicators
  • meaning of coloured sectors
  • RPM indicator
  • interfacing of signal pick-up to RPM gauge
  • RPM indicators, piston and turbine engines
  • meaning of coloured sectors
  • Consumption gauge
  • fuel flow meter (function, indicators)
  • high pressure line fuel flow meter (function, indications,
  • failure warnings)
  • Fuel gauge
  • measurement of volume/mass, units
  • measuring sensors
  • content, quantity indicators
  • reasons for incorrect indications
  • Torque meter
  • indicators, units
  • meaning of coloured sectors
  • Flight hour meter
  • drive source
  • indicators
  • Vibration monitoring
  • indicators, units
  • interfacing to bypass turbofan engines
  • warning system
  • Remote (signal) transmission system
  • mechanical
  • electrical
  • Electronic Displays
  • EFIS
  • EICAS
  • ECAM

Practice this subject

Airframe, Systems, Electrics, Power Plant 1,192 questions
Flight Performance & Planning145 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 51–64
  • (a)For issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
  • i.The effects of loading and mass distribution on aeroplane/helicopter handling, flight characteristics and performance, mass and balance calculations, and
  • ii.The use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data
  • iii.Pre-flight and en-route flight planning appropriate to operations under VFR, preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans, appropriate air traffic services procedures and altimeter setting procedures,

relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.

  • (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
  • i.Effects of loading and mass distribution on aeroplane handling, flight characteristics and performance, mass and balance calculations,
  • ii.Use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data, including procedures for cruise control and,
  • iii.Pre-flight and en-route operational flight planning, preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans, appropriate air traffic services procedures, altimeter setting procedures,

relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.

  • (c).For issue of Instrument rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with
  • i.Pre-flight preparations and checks appropriate to flight under IFR and
  • ii.Operational flight planning, preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans under IFR, altimeter setting procedures.
  • FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
  • MASS AND BALANCE – AEROPLANES
  • INTRODUCTION TO MASS AND BALANCE
  • Centre of gravity (cg)
  • Definition
  • Importance in regard to aircraft stability (Aeroplane):
  • Importance in regard to helicopter stability (cyclic stick
  • travel/limitations) (Helicopter)
  • Mass and balance limits
  • Consult aeroplane/helicopter flight manual for:
    • cg limits for take-off, landing, cruise
      • configurations
  • Maximum floor load
  • Maximum ramp and taxi mass (Aeroplane): Maximum
  • taxi mass (Helicopter)
  • Factors determining maximum permissible mass:
    • structural limitations
    • performance limitations such as: runway
      • available for take-off and landing
    • weather conditions (temperature, pressure,
      • wind, precipitation) rate-of-climb and
      • altitude requirements for obstacle
      • clearance; engine-out performance
      • requirements
  • Factors determining cg limits:
    • aircraft stability, helicopter stability;
      • ability of flight controls and surfaces to
      • overcome mass and lift pitching moments
      • under all flight conditions
    • changes in cg location during flight due to
      • consumption of fuel, raising and lowering
      • of undercarriage, and intentional
      • relocation of passengers or cargo, transfer
      • of fuel
    • movement of centre of lift because of
      • changes in position of wing flaps
      • (Aeroplane); Influence of hoist and
      • external load operation (Helicopter)
  • LOADING
  • Terminology
  • Empty mass
  • Dry Operating Mass (empty mass + crew + operating items
  • + unusable fuel)
  • Standard mass
    • crew, passengers and baggage
    • fuel, oil, water (volume/mass conversion
      • factors)
    • carry-on luggage
  • Useful load (traffic load + usable fuel)
  • Aircraft mass checks
  • Procedure (in general terms, details not necessary)
  • Requirements for re-weighing of aircraft
  • Equipment lists
  • Procedures for determining aeroplane mass and balance
  • documentation, Procedures for determining helicopter
  • mass and balance documentation
  • Determine Dry Operating Mass (crew, equipment, etc.)
  • Intentionally left blank
  • Add mass of passengers and cargo (including passengers
  • baggage) (standard mass)
  • Add mass of fuel
  • Check that applicable maximum gross mass limits are not
  • Effects of overloading
  • Higher take-off and safety speeds
  • Longer take-off and landing distances
  • Lower rate-of-climb
  • Influence on range and endurance (Aeroplane) Decreased
  • range and endurance (Helicopter)
  • Decreased engine-out performance
  • Possible structural damage in extreme cases
  • CENTRE OF GRAVITY (cg)
  • Basis of cg calculations (load and balance documentation)
  • Datum
    • explanation of term
    • location
    • use in cg calculation
  • Moment arm
    • explanation of term
    • determination of algebraic signs
    • use
  • Moment
    • explanation
    • moment = mass x moment arm
  • Expression in percentage of mean aerodynamic chord
  • (% MAC)
  • Cg at empty mass
    • determined when aircraft is weighed;
      • determined when helicopter is weighed
    • recorded in aircraft documentation cg at
      • Dry Operating Mass (Aeroplane);
      • recorded in helicopter documentation cg at
      • Dry Operating Mass
  • Movement of cg with addition of fuel, load and ballast
  • Practical methods of calculation
    • computation method using either
      • mathematical computations or specially
      • designed slide rule
    • graph method
    • table method
  • Securing of load
  • Importance of adequate tie-down
    • equipments for cargo compartment and
      • cargo aircraft
    • container
    • pallet
  • Effect of load shift
    • movement of cg, possible out of limits
    • possible damage due to inertia of a
      • moving load effect of acceleration of the
      • aircraft load
  • Area Load, Running Load, Supporting
  • PERFORMANCE – AEROPLANES
  • PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE-ENGINE AEROPLANES
  • Definitions of terms and speeds used
  • Take-off and landing performance
  • Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, density, altitude, runway
  • slope, runway conditions
  • Use of aeroplane flight manual data
  • Climb and cruise performance
  • Use of aeroplane flight data
  • Effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass
  • power settings
  • Still air range with various power settings
  • PERFORMANCE OF MULTIENGINE AEROPLANES
  • Definitions of terms and speeds
  • Any new terms used for multi-engine aeroplane
  • performance
  • Importance of performance calculations
  • Consideration of effects of pressure altitude, temperature,
  • wind, aeroplane mass, runway slope, and runway
  • conditions
  • Elements of performance
  • Take-off and landing distances
    • obstacle clearance at Take-off
  • Rate of climb and descent
    • effects of selected power settings, speeds,
      • and aircraft configuration
  • Cruise altitudes and altitude ceiling
    • en-route requirements
  • Payload/range trade-offs
  • Speed/economy trade-offs
  • Use of performance graphs and tabulated data
  • Performance section of flight manual

Practice this subject

Mass and Balance 122 questionsPerformance 38 questionsFlight Planning and Monitoring 154 questions
Human Performance and Limitations138 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 65–68
  • (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the Human Performance and Limitations relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
  • (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the Human Performance and Limitations relevant to the holder of a Airline Transport Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
  • (c).For issue of Instrument rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with relevant instrument flights in aeroplane/helicopter.
  • Human Performance and limitations
  • Human Factors: basic concepts
  • Human Factors in aviation
  • Competence and limitations
  • Becoming a competent pilot
    • the traditional approach towards 'proficiency'
    • the human factors approach towards
    • 'professionalism'
  • Accident statistics
  • Flight safety concepts
  • Basic aviation physiology and health maintenance
  • Basics of flight physiology
  • The atmosphere
  • composition
  • gas Laws
  • oxygen requirement of tissues
  • Man and Environment the sensory system
  • Central and peripheral nervous system
  • sensory threshold, sensitivity, adaptation
  • habituation
  • reflexes and biological control systems
  • Vision
  • functional anatomy
  • visual field, foveal and peripheral vision
  • binocular and monocular vision
  • monocular vision cues
  • night vision
  • Hearing
  • functional anatomy
  • Equilibrium
  • functional anatomy
  • motion, acceleration, verticality
  • motion sickness
  • Integration of sensory inputs
  • spatial disorientation
  • illusions
    • physical origin
    • physiological origin
    • psychological origin
  • approach and landing problems
  • Health and hygiene
  • Personal hygiene
  • Common minor ailments
  • cold
  • influenza
  • gastro-intestinal upset
  • Problem areas for pilots
  • hearing loss
  • defective vision
  • hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease
  • obesity
  • nutrition hygiene
  • tropical climates
  • epidemic diseases
  • Incapacitation
  • symptoms and causes
  • recognition
  • operating coping procedures
  • Incapacitation
  • symptoms and causes
  • recognition
  • operating coping procedures
  • BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY
  • Human information processing
  • Attention and vigilance
  • selectivity of attention
  • divided attention
  • Perception
  • perceptual illusions
  • subjectivity of perception
  • 'bottom-up'/'top-down' processing
  • Memory
  • sensory memory
  • working memory
  • long term memory
  • motor memory (skills)
  • Response selection
  • learning principles and techniques
  • drives
  • motivation and performance
  • Human error and reliability
  • Reliability of human behaviour
  • Hypotheses on reality
  • similarity, frequency
  • completion causality
  • Theory and model of human error
  • Error generation
  • internal factors (cognitive styles)
  • external factors
    • ergonomics
    • economics
    • social environment (group.
  • Organization)
  • Decision making
  • Decision-making concepts
  • structure (phases)
  • limits
  • risk assessment
  • practical application
  • Safety awareness
  • risk area awareness
  • identification of error proneness (oneself)
  • identification of error sources (others)
  • situational awareness
  • Communication
  • communication model (s)
  • verbal and non-verbal communication
  • communication barriers
  • conflict management
  • Personality
  • Personality and attitudes
  • development
  • environmental influences
  • Individual differences in personality
  • self-concepts (e.g. action vs, state-orientation)
  • Human overload and under load
  • Arousal
  • Stress
  • definition(s), concept)s), model (s)
  • anxiety and stress
  • effects of stress
  • Fatigue
  • types, causes, symptoms
  • effects of fatigue
  • Body rhythm and sleep
  • rhythm disturbances
  • symptoms, effects, management
  • Fatigue and stress management
  • coping strategies
  • management techniques
  • health and fitness programmes
  • relaxation techniques
  • religious practices
  • counselling techniques
  • Advanced cockpit automation
  • Advantages and disadvantages (criticalities)
  • Automation complacency

Practice this subject

Human Performance and Limitations 814 questions
Meteorology152 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 69–74
  • (a).For Issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of Aeroplane/Helicopter shall be conversant with,
  • i.Interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports, charts and forecasts, use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information, pre- flight and in-flight, altimetry,
  • ii.Aeronautical meteorology; climatologic of relevant areas in respect of the elements having an effect upon aviation, the movement of pressure systems, the structure of fronts, and the origin and characteristics of significant weather phenomena which affect take-off, en-route and landing conditions, hazardous weather avoidance,

relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.

  • (b)For Issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of Aeroplane/Helicopter shall be conversant with,
  • i.Interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports, charts and forecasts, codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information, pre-flight and in-flight, altimetry,
  • ii.Aeronautical meteorology; climatology of relevant areas in respect of the elements having an effect upon aviation, the movement of pressure systems; the structure of fronts, and the origin and characteristics of significant weather phenomena which effect take-off, en-route and landing conditions,
  • iii.Causes, recognition and effects of engine and airframe icing, frontal zone penetration procedures; hazardous weather avoidance,
  • iv.Practical high altitude meteorology, including interpretation and use of weather reports, charts and forecasts, jet streams (this Para is applicable for pilots for aeroplanes only),

relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.

  • (c).For issue of Instrument Rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
  • i.application of aeronautical meteorology, interpretation and use of reports, charts and forecasts, codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information, altimetry,
  • ii.causes, recognition and effects of engine and airframe icing, frontal zone penetration procedures, hazardous weather avoidance,

relevant instrument flights in aeroplane/helicopter.

  • METEOROLOGY
  • THE ATMOSPHERE
  • Composition, extent, vertical division
  • Composition, extent, vertical division
  • Temperature
  • Vertical distribution of temperature
  • Transfer of heat
    • solar and terrestrial radiation
    • conduction
    • convection
    • advection and turbulence
  • Lapse rate, stability and instability
  • Development of inversions, types of inversions
  • Temperature near the earth's surface, surface effects,
  • diurnal variation, effect of clouds, effect of wind
  • Atmospheric pressure
  • Barometric pressure, isobars
  • Pressure variation with height, contours (isohypses)
  • Reduction of pressure to mean sea level, OFF
  • Surface low/upper-air low, surface high/upper-air high
  • Atmospheric density
  • Interrelationship of pressure, temperature and density
  • International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
  • International Standard Atmosphere
  • Altimetry
  • Pressure altitude, true altitude
  • Height, altitude, flight level
  • Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa
  • Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography
  • WIND
  • Definition and measurement
  • Definition and measurement
  • Primary cause of wind
  • Relationship between isobars and wind
  • General circulation
  • General circulation around the globe
  • Turbulence
  • Turbulence and gustiness, types of turbulence
  • Origin and location of turbulence
  • Variation of wind with height
  • Variation of wind in the friction layer
  • Local winds
  • Anabatic and catabatic winds, land and sea breezes,
  • venturi effects
  • Standing waves
  • Origin of standing waves
  • THERMODYNAMICS
  • Humidity
  • Water vapour in the atmosphere
  • Temperature/dewpoint, mixing ratio, relative humidity
  • CLOUDS AND FOG
  • Cloud formation and description
  • Cloud types, cloud classification
  • Influence of inversions on cloud development
  • Fog. mist, haze
  • Radiation fog
  • Advection fog
  • Steaming fog
  • Frontal fog
  • Orographic fog
  • PRECIPITATION
  • Development of precipitation
  • Types of precipitation
  • Types of precipitation, relationship with cloud types
  • AIRMASSES AND FRONTS
  • Types of air masses
  • Description, factors affecting the properties of an air mass
  • Classification of air masses, modifications of air masses,
  • areas of origin
  • Fronts
  • Boundaries between air masses (fronts), general situation,
  • geographic differentiation
  • Warm front, associated clouds and weather
  • Cold front, associated clouds and weather
  • Warm sector, associated clouds and weather
  • Weather behind the cold front
  • Occlusions, associated clouds and weather
  • Stationary front, associated clouds and weather
  • Movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle
  • PRESSURE SYSTEMS
  • Location of the principal pressure areas
  • Location of the principal pressure areas
  • Anticyclone
  • Anticyclones, types, general properties, cold and warm
  • anticyclones, ridges subsidence
  • Non frontal depressions
  • Thermal, orographic and secondary depressions, cold air
  • pools, troughs
  • CLIMATOLOGY
  • Typical weather situations in mid-latitudes
  • Westerly waves
  • High pressure area
  • Uniform pressure pattern
  • Cold pool
  • Local seasonal weather and wind
  • Local seasonal weather and wind
  • FLIGHT HAZARDS
  • Icing
  • Weather conditions for ice accretion, topographical
  • effects
  • Turbulence
  • Effects on flight, avoidance
  • Windshear
  • Definition of windshear
  • Weather conditions for windshear
  • Effects on flight
  • Thunderstorms
  • Structure of thunderstorms, squall lines, life history, storm
  • cells, electricity in the atmosphere, static charges
  • Conditions for and process of development, forecast,
  • location, type specification
  • Thunderstorm avoidance, ground/airborne radar,
  • stormscope
  • Development and effect of downbursts
  • Development of lightning discharges and effect of
  • lightning strike on aircraft and flight execution
  • Low and high level inversions
  • Influence on aircraft performance
  • Hazards in mountainous areas
  • Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal
  • passage
  • Vertical movements, mountain waves, windshear,
  • turbulence, ice accretion
  • Visibility reducing phenomena
  • Reduction of visibility cause by mist, smoke, dust, sand
  • and precipitation
  • Reduction of visibility cause by low drifting and blowing
  • snow
  • METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
  • Observation
  • On the ground – surface wind, visibility and runway
  • visual range, transmission meters: Clouds – type,
  • amount, height of base and tops, movement: Weather –
  • including all types of precipitation, air temperature,
  • relative humidity, dewpoint, atmospheric pressure
  • Aircraft observations and reporting, date line systems,
  • PIREPS
  • Weather charts
  • Significant weather charts
  • Surface charts
  • Upper air charts
  • Symbols and signs on analysed and prognostic charts
  • Information for flight planning
  • Aeronautical codes: METAR, TAF, SPECI, SIGMET,
  • SNOWTAM, runway report
  • Meteorological broadcasts for aviation: VOLMET, ATIS,
  • HF-VOLMET, ACARS
  • Content and use of pre-flight meteorological documents
  • Meteorological briefing and advice
  • Measuring and warning systems for low level windshear,
  • inversion
  • Special meteorological warnings

Practice this subject

Meteorology 593 questions
Navigation156 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 75–81
  • (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with Air Navigation, including the news of aeronautical charts, instruments and navigation aids, an understanding of the principles and characteristics of appropriate navigation systems, operation of airborne equipments relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.
  • (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with,
  • i.Air navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts, radio navigation aids and area navigation systems, specific navigation requirements for long-range flights;
  • ii.Use, limitation and serviceability of avionics and instruments necessary for the control and navigation of aeroplanes/helicopters;
  • iii.Use, accuracy and reliability of navigation systems used in departure, en-route, approach and landing phases of flight, identification of radio navigation aids and
  • iv.Principles and characteristics of self-contained and external-referenced navigation systems, operation of airborne equipment,

relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.

  • (c).For issue of Instrument Ratings for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with,
  • i.practical air navigation using radio navigation aids,
  • ii.use, accuracy and reliability of navigation systems used in departure, en-route, approach and landing phases of flight, identification of radio navigation aids,

relevant to the holder of an Instrument Rating for aeroplane/helicopter.

  • GENERAL NAVIGATION
  • BASICS OF NAVIGATION
  • The earth
    • great circle, small circle, rhumb line
    • convergency, conversion angle
    • latitude, difference of latitude
    • longitude, difference of longitude
    • use of latitude and longitude co-ordinates to
      • locate any specific position
  • Time and time conversions
    • apparent time
    • UTC
    • LMT
    • standard times
    • dateline
    • determination of sunrise, sunset and civil twilight
  • Directions
    • terrestrial magnetism: declination, deviation and
      • compass variations
    • magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between
      • true and magnetic
    • gridlines, isogrives
  • Distance
    • units of distance and height used in navigation:
      • nautical miles, statute miles, kilometres, metres,
      • yards and feet
    • conversion from one unit to another
    • relationship between nautical miles and minutes
      • of latitude
  • MAGNETISM AND COMPASSES
  • General principles
    • terrestrial magnetism
    • resolution of the earth's total magnetic force into
      • vertical and horizontal components
    • the effects of change of latitude on these
      • components
    • directive force
    • magnetic dip
    • variation
  • Knowledge of the principles, standby and landing or
  • main compasses and remote reading compasses
    • detailed knowledge of the use of these
      • compasses
    • serviceability tests
    • advantages and disadvantages of the remote
      • indicating compass
    • adjustment and compensation of direct reading
      • magnetic compass
  • CHARTS
  • General properties of miscellaneous types of projections
    • Mercator
    • Lambert conformal conic
    • polar stereographic
    • transverse mercator
    • oblique mercator
  • The representation of meridians, parallels, great circles
  • and rhumb lines
    • direct Mercator
    • Lambert conformal conic
    • polar stereographic
  • The use of current aeronautical charts
    • plotting positions
    • methods of indicating scale and relief
    • conventional signs
    • measuring tracks and distances
    • plotting bearings
  • DEAD RECKONING NAVIGATION (DR)
  • Basics of dead reckoning
    • track
    • heading (compass, magnetic, true, grid)
    • wind velocity
    • airspeed (IAS, CAS, TAS, Mach number)
    • groundspeed
    • ETA
    • drift, wind correction angle
    • DR-position, fix
  • Use of the navigational computer
    • speed
    • time
    • distance
    • fuel consumption
    • conversions
  • The triangle of velocities, methods of solution for the
  • determination of
    • heading
    • ground speed
    • wind velocity
    • wind velocity
    • track and drift angle, track error
    • time and distance problems
  • Determination of DR position
    • need for DR
    • confirmation of flight progress (mental DR)
    • lost procedures
    • heading and TAS vector since last confirmed
      • position
    • application of wind velocity vector
    • last known track and ground speed vector
    • assessment of accuracy of DR position
  • Measurement of DR elements
    • calculation of altitude, adjustments, corrections,
      • errors
    • determination of temperature
    • determination of appropriate speed
    • determination of mach number
  • Resolution of current DR problems by means of
    • Mercator charts
    • Lambert charts
    • polar stereographic projections
  • Measurements of
    • maximum range
    • radius of action
    • point-of-safe-return and point-of-equal-time
  • Miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical means of
  • correction
  • IN-FLIGHT NAVIGATION
  • Use of visual observations and application to in-flight
  • Flight log (including navigation records)
  • RADIO NAVIGATION
  • RADIO AIDS
  • Ground D/F (including classification of bearing)
    • principles
    • presentation and interpretation
    • coverage
    • range
    • errors and accuracy
    • factors affecting range and accuracy
  • ADF (including associated beacons and use of the radio
  • magnetic indicator)
    • principles
    • presentation and interpretation
    • coverage
    • range
    • errors and accuracy
    • factors affecting range and accuracy
  • DME (distance measuring equipment)
    • principles
    • presentation and interpretation
    • coverage
    • range
    • errors and accuracy
    • factors affecting range and accuracy
  • BASIC RADAR PRINCIPLES
  • SSR secondary surveillance radar and transponder
    • principles
    • presentation and interpretation
    • modes and codes, including mode S
  • SELF-CONTAINED AND EXTERNAL-
  • REFERENCED NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

Practice this subject

General Navigation 402 questionsRadio Navigation 534 questions
Operational Procedures142 topics · 50 marks · printed pp. 82–88
  • (a).i. For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for aeroplanes, pilots shall be conversant with,

• Use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations,

• Appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures,

• Operational procedures for carriage of freight, potential hazards associated with dangerous goods,

• Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from aeroplanes,

relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for aeroplane.

  • ii.For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with,

• Use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations, • Appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures, including action to be taken to avoid hazardous weather and wake turbulence, settling with power, ground resonance, roll-over and other operating hazards,

• Operational procedures for carriage of freight, including external loads, potential hazards associated with dangerous goods, • Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from helicopters,

relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for helicopter.

  • (b).i. For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for aeroplanes, pilots shall be conversant with, • Interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations, and instrument procedure charts for departure, en-route, descent and approach,

• Precautionary and emergency procedures, safety practices associated with flight under IFR,

• Operational procedures for carriage of freight and dangerous goods,

• Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from aeroplanes, relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for aeroplane.

  • ii.For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with,

• Interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations,

• Precautionary and emergency procedures, settling with power, ground resonance, retreating blade stall, dynamic roll-over and other operating hazards, safety practices associated with flight under VFR,

• Operational procedures for carriage of freight, including external loads, and dangerous goods,

• Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from helicopters,

relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for helicopter.

  • (c).For issue of Instrument Ratings for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with,
  • i.Interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations, and instrument procedure charts for departure, en-route, descent and approach,
  • ii.Precautionary and emergency procedures, safety practices associated with flight under IFR,

relevant to the holder of an Instrument Rating for aeroplane/helicopter.

  • OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
  • OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES – AEROPLANE
  • ICAO Annex 6, Parts I, II and III (as applicable-
  • definitions
  • applicability
  • general framework and contents
  • JAR-OPS-Requirements
  • General requirements about:
  • quality system
  • additional crew members
  • method of carriage of persons
  • admission to flight deck
  • unauthorized carriage
  • portable electronic devices
  • endangering safety
  • additional information's and forms to be
  • carried
  • information's retained on ground
  • power to inspect
  • production of documentation and records
  • preservation of documentation
  • leasing
  • Operator certification and supervision requirements:
  • general rules for Air Operator Certification
  • issue
  • variation and continued validity of an AOC
  • administrative requirements
  • Operational procedures requirements:
  • operational control and supervision '
  • use of Air Traffic Services
  • instrument departure and approach procedures
  • carriage of person with reduce mobility
  • carriage of inadmissible passengers, deportees or
  • persons in custody
  • stowage of baggage and cargo
  • passengers seating
  • securing of passenger cabin and galley (s)
  • smoking on board
  • take-off conditions
  • application of take-off minimas
  • Instrument and safety equipment requirements:
  • general introduction
  • circuit protection devices
  • windshield wipers
  • airborne weather radar equipment
  • flight crew interphone system
  • public address system
  • internal doors and curtains
  • first aid kits
  • emergency medical kit
  • first aid kits
  • emergency medical kit
  • first aid oxygen
  • supplemental oxygen –pressurized aeroplanes
  • supplemental oxygen – non-pressurised
  • aeroplanes
  • crew protective breathing equipment
  • hand fire extinguishers
  • crash axes and crowbars
  • marking of break-in points
  • means for emergency evacuation
  • megaphones
  • emergency lightings
  • automatic emergency locator transmitter
  • life jackets
  • life rafts and survival ELTs for extended
  • overwater flights
  • survival equipment
  • Communication and navigation equipment requirements:
  • radio equipment
  • audio selector panel
  • radio equipment VFR
  • communication and navigation IFR and VFR
  • Aircraft maintenance:
  • terminology
  • application for and approval of the operator's
  • maintenance system
  • maintenance management
  • quality system
  • operator's maintenance management exposition
  • operator's aircraft maintenance program
  • continued validity of the Air Transport Operators
  • Licence in respect of maintenance system
  • equivalent safety case
  • Flight crew
  • Cabin crew
  • SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND
  • HAZARDS (GENERAL ASPECTS)
  • Minimum equipment list
  • AFM
  • Ground de-icing
  • icing conditions
  • definition and recognition, on ground/in flight
  • de-icing, anti-icing, types of de-icing fluids
  • performance deterioration, on ground/in flight
  • Bird strike risk and avoidance
  • Fire / smoke
  • carburettor fire
  • engine fire
  • fire in the cabin, cockpit, freight compartment
  • (choice of appropriate fire extinguishing
  • agents according to fire classification and use
  • of the extinguishers)
  • actions in case of overheated brakes after
  • aborted take off and landing
  • smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and
  • action taken)
  • Decompression of pressurized cabin
  • slow decompression
  • rapid or explosive decompression
  • dangers and action taken
  • Windshear, microburst
  • definition and description
  • effects and recognition during departure and
  • approach
  • actions to avoid and actions taken during
  • encounter
  • Wake turbulence
  • cause
  • influence of speed and mass, wind
  • actions taken when crossing traffic, during
  • take-off and landing
  • Security
  • unlawful events
  • Emergency and precautionary landings
  • Operations in various terrain – water (i.e. slopes,
  • mountains, jungle, offshore)
  • definition
  • cause
  • factors to be considered (wind, terrain,
  • preparation, flight tactics, landing in various
  • terrain and water)
  • passenger information
  • evacuation
  • action after landing
  • Fuel jettisoning
  • safety aspects
  • Contaminated runways
  • kinds of contamination
  • braking action, brake coefficient
  • performance corrections and calculations

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Operational Procedures 483 questions
Principles of Flight439 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 89–106
  • (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with principles of flight relating to aeroplanes/helicopters.
  • (b).i. For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for aeroplanes, pilots shall be conversant with principles of flight relating to aeroplanes, sub-sonic aerodynamics, compressibility effects, manoeuvre boundary limits, wing design characteristics, effects of supplementary lift and drag devices, relationships between lift, drag and thrust at various airspeeds and in different flight configurations,
  • ii.For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with principles of flight relating to helicopters.
  • PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
  • PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT – AEROPLANE
  • SUBSONIC AERODYNAMICS
  • Basics, laws and definitions
  • Laws and definitions
    • units
    • laws of Newton
    • ideal gas equation
    • equation of impulse
    • equation of continuity
    • Bernoulli's theorem
    • static pressure
    • dynamic pressure
    • viscosity
    • density
    • IAS, CAS, EAS, TAS
  • Aerodynamic forces on surfaces
    • resulting air force
    • lift
    • drag
    • angle of attack
    • forces and equilibrium
    • of forces during climb, level, descent and turn
  • Shape of an aerofoil
    • thickness to chord ratio
    • chord line
    • camber line
    • nose radius
    • camber
    • angle of attack
    • angle of incidence
  • The wing shape
    • aspect ratio
    • root chord
    • tip chord
    • tapered wings
    • shape of wing surface
    • mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)
  • The two-dimensional airflow about an aerofoil
  • Streamline pattern
  • Stagnation point
  • Pressure distribution
  • Centre of pressure/Cma.c.
  • Lift and downwash
  • Drag and wake (loss of impulse)
  • Influence of angle of attack
  • Flow separation at high angles of attack
  • The Lift – a graph
  • The coefficients
  • The lift coefficient CL
    • the lift formula
    • cL - α graph
    • CLmax and a
    • Normal Values of CL max, α crit, α stall and the slope
      • of the C/A.o.A curve
  • The three-dimensional airflow about an aeroplane
  • Streamline pattern
    • span-wise flow and causes
    • tip vortices and local α
    • tip vortices and angle of attack
    • up-wash and down-wash due to tip vortices
    • span-wise lift distribution
    • wake turbulence behind an aircraft (causes, distribution,
      • duration of the phenomenon)
  • Induced drag
    • influence of tip vortices on the angle of attack
    • the induced local α
    • Influence of induced angle of attack on the direction of
      • the lift vector
    • Induced drag and angle of attack
    • Induced drag and speed
    • Induced drag and speed
    • Induced drag and wing aspect ratio
    • Induced drag and wing planform
    • Induced drag coefficient
    • Induced drag coefficient and angle of attack
    • Influence of the induced drag on the CL - α Graph
    • influence of the induced drag on the CL – CD graph,
      • airplane polar, lift drag ratio
    • parabolic airplane polar in a graph and as a formula
    • influence of plan of section
    • winglets
    • tip-tanks
    • wing span loading
    • influence of wing twist
    • influence of change of camber
    • The total drag
    • The parasite drag
    • profile drag
    • interference drag
    • friction drag
  • The parasite drag
    • profile drag
    • interference drag
    • friction drag
  • The profile drag and speed
  • The induced drag and speed
  • The total drag
  • The total drag and speed
  • Minimum drag
  • The drag – speed graph
  • Effect on CDI
  • Effect on α crit
  • Effect on CLsource unclear
  • Effect on take-off and landing characteristics of an aircraft
  • The relation between the lift coefficient and the speed for
  • constant lift
  • As a formula
  • In a graph
  • The stall
  • Flow separation at increasing angles of attack
    • the boundary layer:
    • laminar layer
    • turbulent layer
    • transition
    • separation point
    • influence of angle of attack
    • influence on:
    • pressure distribution
    • location of centre of pressure
    • CL
    • CD
    • Pitch moments
    • Down-wash at horizontal stabilizer
    • buffet
    • use of controls
  • The stall speed
    • in the lift formula
    • 1g stall speed
    • FAA stall speed
    • Influence of:
    • The centre of gravity
    • Power setting
    • Altitude (IAS)
    • Wing loading, W/S
    • Load factor n:
    • definition
    • turns
    • forces
  • Stall warning
    • importance of stall warning
    • speed margin
    • buffet
    • stall strip
    • flapper switch
    • AOA vane
    • AOA probe
    • Stick shaker
    • Recovery from stall
  • Special phenomena of stall
    • the power-on stall
    • climbing and descending turns
    • swept back wings
    • super-or deep-stall, stick pusher
    • canards
    • T-tailed aircraft
    • Avoidance of spins:
    • Spin development
    • Spin recognition
    • Spin recovery
    • Ice (in stagnation point and on surface):
    • Absence of stall warning
    • Abnormal behaviour of the stall
    • Stabilizer stall
  • CLmax augmentation
  • Trailing edge flaps and the reasons for use in take-off and
  • landing
    • different types of flaps:
    • split flap
    • plain flap
    • slotted flap
    • fowler flap
    • their influence on the CL - α graph
    • their influence on the CL – CD graph
    • flap asymmetry
    • influence on pitch movement
  • Vortex generators
    • aerodynamic principles
    • advantages
    • disadvantages
  • Means to decrease the CL -CD ration increasing drag
  • Spoilers and the reasons for use in the different phases of flight
    • different functions:
    • flight spoilers (speedbrakes)
    • ground spoilers (lift dumpers)
    • roll spoilers
    • spoiler-mixer
    • their influence on the CL - α graph
    • their influence on the CL -CD graph and ration
  • Speedbrakes as a means of increasing drag and the reasons for
  • use in the different phases of flight
    • the influence on the CL -CD graph and ration
  • The boundary layer
  • Different types
    • laminar
    • turbulent
  • Their advantages and disadvantages on pressure drag and
  • friction drag
  • Special circumstances
  • Ice and other contamination
    • ice in stagnation point
    • ice on the surface (frost, snow, clear ice)
    • rain
    • contamination of leading edge
    • effects on stall
    • effects on loss of controllability
    • effects on control surface moment
    • influence on high lift devices during take-off, landing and
      • low speeds
    • affect on lift/drag ratio
  • Deformation and modification of airframe, ageing aircraft
  • STABILITY
  • Condition of equilibrium in stable horizontal flight
  • Precondition for static stability
  • Sum of moments
    • lift and weight
    • drag and thrust
  • Sum of forces
    • in horizontal plane
    • in vertical plane
  • Methods of achieving balance
  • Wing and empennage (tail and canard)
  • Control surfaces
  • Ballast or weight trim
  • Basics and definitions
    • static stability, positive, neutral and negative
    • precondition for dynamic stability
    • dynamic stability, positive, neutral and negative
    • damping:
    • short period
    • effect high altitude on dynamic stability
  • Static stability
  • Neutral point/location of neutral point
    • definition
  • Contribution of:
    • aircraft geometry
    • down-wash:
    • a.c. of the wing
  • Location of centre of gravity
    • aft limit, minimum stability margin
    • forward position
    • effects on static and dynamic stability
  • The CM - α graph
  • Contribution of:
    • location of centre of gravity
    • control deflection
    • major aircraft parts (wings, fuselage, tail)
    • configuration:
    • flap deflection
    • gear extension
  • The elevator position – speed graph (IAS)
  • Contribution of:
    • location of centre of gravity
    • trim (trim tab)
    • trim (stabilizer trim)
  • The stick force speed graph (IAS)
  • Contribution of:
    • location of centre of gravity
    • trim (trim tab)
    • trim (stabilizer trim)
    • Mach number/Mach trim
    • Friction in the system
    • Downspring
    • Bob weight
  • The manoeuvring/stick force per g
  • Stick force per g and the limit load factor
    • category of certification
  • Special circumstances
    • ice:
    • effects of flap extension
    • effects of stabilizer ice
    • rain
    • deformation of airframe
  • Static directional stability
  • Slip angle β
  • Yaw moment coefficient CN
  • CN - β graph
  • Contribution of
    • location of centre of gravity
    • angle of sweep of the wing
    • fuselage at high angles of attack
    • strakes
    • dorsal fin and angle of sweep of fin
    • major aircraft parts
  • Static lateral stability
  • Bank angle φ
  • The roll moment coefficient C1
  • Contribution of angle of slip β
  • The C1 - β Graph
  • Contribution of
    • angle of sweep of wing
    • ventral fin
    • location of the wing
    • dihedral/anhedral
  • Effective lateral stability
  • Dynamic lateral stability
  • Effects of asymmetric propeller slipstream
  • Tendency to spiral dive
  • Dutch roll
    • causes
    • Mach
    • Yaw damper
  • Effects of altitude on dynamic stability
  • CONTROL
  • General
  • Basics, the Three Planes and Three Axis
  • Camber change
  • Angle of attack change
  • Pitch control
  • Down-wash effects
  • Down-wash effects
  • Ice on tail
  • Location of centre of gravity
  • Yaw control
  • Pedal/Rudder ration changer
  • Moments due to engine thrust
    • direct
    • induced
  • Engine failure (n – 1)
    • rudder limitations at asymmetric thrust
    • meaning of VMCA, VMCG
  • Roll control
  • Ailerons
    • inboard ailerons
    • outboard ailerons
    • function in different phases of flight
  • Spoilers
  • Adverse yaw
  • Means to avoid adverse yaw
    • fries ailerons
    • differential aileron deflection
    • coupling ailerons to rudder by spring
    • roll spoilers
    • effects of asymmetric propeller slip stream
  • Interaction in different planes (yaw/roll)
  • Limitations of asymmetric power
  • Means to reduce control forces
  • Aerodynamic balance
    • nose balance
    • horn balances
    • internal balances
    • balance tab, anti-balance tab
    • servo tab
    • spring tab
  • Artificial
    • power assisted controls
    • fully powered controls
    • artificial feel:
    • inputs:
    • dynamic pressure q
    • stabilizer setting
  • Mass balance
  • Reasons to balance
    • means
  • Reasons to trim
  • Stabiliser trim/Trim rate versus IAS
    • position of centre of Gravity influence on trim/stabilizer
      • setting for take-off
  • LIMITATIONS
  • Operating limitations
    • flutter
    • aileron reversal
    • gear/flap operating
  • VMO, VNO, VNE
  • Manoeuvring envelope
    • load factor
    • accelerated stall speed
    • VA, VC, VD
    • Manoeuvring limit load factor/certification category
  • Contribution of:
    • mass
    • altitude
    • Mach number
  • Gust envelope
  • Gust load diagram
    • vertical gust speeds
    • accelerated stall speed
    • VB, VC, VD
    • Gust limit load factor
    • VRA
  • Contribution of:
    • mass
    • altitude
    • Mach number
  • PROPELLERS
  • Conversion of engine torque to thrust
  • Meaning of pitch
  • Blade twist
  • Fixed pitch and variable pitch/constant speed
  • Propeller efficiency versus speed
  • Effects of ice on propeller
  • Engine failure or engine stop
  • Windmilling drag
  • influence on yaw moment when asymmetric power
  • Feathering
    • influence on glide performance
    • influence on yaw moment when asymmetric power
  • Design feature for power absorption
  • Diameter of propeller
  • Number of blades
  • Propeller noise
  • Moments and couples due to propeller operation
  • Torque reaction
  • Gyroscopic procession
  • Asymmetric slipstream effect
  • Asymmetric blade effect
  • FLIGHT MECHANICS
  • Forces acting on an airplane
  • Straight horizontal steady flight
  • Straight steady climb
  • Straight steady descent
  • Straight steady glide
  • Steady coordinated turn
    • bank angle
    • load factor
    • turn radius
    • angular velocity
    • rate one turn
  • Asymmetric thrust
  • Moments about the vertical axis
  • Forces on vertical fin
  • Influence of bank angle
    • over banking
    • fin stall
  • Influence of aircraft weight
  • Influence of use ailerons
  • Influence of special propeller effects on roll moments
    • propeller torque
    • propeller wash on flaps
  • Influence of slip angle on roll moments
  • VMCA
  • VMCL
  • VMCG
  • Influence of altitude
  • Emergency descent
  • Influence of configuration
  • Influence of chosen mach number and IAS
  • Typical points on polar curve
  • Windshear

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Principles of Flight 579 questions
Radiotelephony34 topics · 50 marks · printed pp. 107–109
  • (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to VFR operations, action to be taken in case of communication failure .
  • (b).i. For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for aeroplanes, pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology, action to be taken in case of communication failure.
  • ii.For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to VFR operations, action to be taken in case of communication failure .
  • (c).For issue of Instrument Ratings for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to aircraft operations under IFR, action to be taken in case of communication failure.
  • COMMUNICATIONS
  • VFR COMMUNICATION
  • DEFINITIONS
  • Meanings and significance of associated terms
  • Air Traffic Services abbreviations
  • Q-code groups commonly used RTF air-ground communications
  • Categories of messages
  • GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES
  • Transmission of letters
  • Transmission of numbers (including level information)
  • Transmission of time
  • Transmission technique
  • Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology
  • included)
  • Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use
  • of abbreviated call signs
  • Radiotelephony call signs for aircraft including use of
  • abbreviated signs
  • Test procedures including readability scale
  • Read back and acknowledgement requirements
  • Radar procedural phraseology
  • RELEVANT WEATHER INFORMATION TERMS (VFR)
  • Aerodrome weather
  • Weather broadcast
  • ACTION REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN IN CASE OF
  • COMMUNICATION FAILURE
  • DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES
  • Distress (definition-frequencies-watch of distress frequencies-
  • distress signal-distress message)
  • Urgency (definition-frequencies-urgency signal-urgency
  • message)
  • GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF PROPAGATION AND
  • ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES
  • MORSE CODE

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Radio Telephony 157 questions