Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh
Instrument Rating (Helicopter) Exam Syllabus
1,048 topics · 9 subjects · Helicopter
Contents
Filtered to IR — Helicopter
CAAB publishes one syllabus for CPL, ATPL and the Instrument Rating, marking each topic with the licences it applies to. Everything below is what carries a mark for IR — Helicopter — the rest of the document has been removed.
What CAAB says about these examinations
As depicted in Rule 24(b)/29(b), 26(b)/30(b) and 32(a)/32A(a) of CAR '84 (Part-1), an applicant, for issue of Commercial/Airline Transport Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter and for issue of Instrument Rating for Aeroplane/Helicopter shall have passed at least Higher Secondary School Certificate (Science) Examination with Physics and Mathematics or its Equivalent and shall have passed a written Examination conducted by Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh in the subjects and associated syllabi thereof. The subjects are:
- 1.AIR LAW
- 2.AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
- 3.FLIGHT PERFORMANCE & PLANNING
- 4.HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
- 5.METEOROLOGY
- 6.NAVIGATION
- 7.OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
- 8.PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
- 9.RADIOTELEPHONY
This syllabus for each subject shall supersede all syllabi issued before in this context. No alteration shall be allowed in the syllabus without the approval of Chairman, CAAB.
Before imparting lessons to the trainees, all authorized Training Institutions/Organizations/ Operators etc, shall prepare 'Lesson Plans' on the syllabus of each subject and shall get the same approved by CAAB.
Examinations are to be conducted out of 50 Marks for each of Operations Procedures & Radiotelephony and out of 100 Marks for each of the remaining subjects.
Examination Papers for each subject shall contain a few Descriptive (about 20% of the full marks), Multiple Choices (about 60% of the full marks), True/False (about 10% of the full marks) and Fill in the Blanks (about 10% of the full marks).
Reproduced from printed pp. 24–109.
Some rows are marked “source unclear”
A few rows in the printed syllabus have all six licence columns left blank while every row around them is marked. They are shown here under the preceding row's licences rather than hidden, and tagged so you can see which ones they are.
Principles of Flight appears here because of a defect in the source
The printed syllabus marks the helicopter Principles of Flight section under CPL and IR, where the aeroplane half of the same subject gives IR nothing — so the block looks typeset one column off and was probably meant for ATPL — Helicopter. It is reproduced as printed rather than corrected.
Air Law194 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 25–31
- (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the rules and regulations, rules of the air and appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.
- (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the rules and regulations, rules of the air; appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.
- (c).For issue of Instrument rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the rules and regulations relevant to flight under IFR, related to air traffic services practices and procedures.
- AIR LAW
- International Agreements and Organisations
- The convention of Chicago
- general principles and application: sovereignty, territory
- flight over territory of Contracting States: right of non-
- scheduled flight, scheduled air services, sabotage, landing at
- customs airports, applicability of air regulations, rules of the
- air, search of aircraft
- international standards and recommended practices:
- adoption of international standards and procedures,
- endorsement of certificates and licences, validity of
- endorsed certificates and licences: departure from
- international standards and procedures (notification of
- differences)
- The International Civil Aviation Organisation
- objectives and composition
- Other International agreements
- Annex 1- Personnel Licensing
- applicability
- Rules of the Air (Based on Annex 2)
- Annex 2.
- essential definitions, applicability of the rules of air, general
- rules (except water operations), visual flight rules,
- instrument flight rules, signals interception of civil aircraft,
- table of cruising levels
- Ops/611, Volume 1
- Foreword
- introduction
- Definitions and abbreviation (see general statements)
- Departure procedures
- general criteria
- standard instrument departures
- omni-directional departures
- published information
- simultaneous operations on parallel or near-parallel
- instrument runways
- VOR/DME
- departure procedures
- visual manoeuvring (circling) in the vicinity of the
- aerodrome: general, the visual manoeuvring (circling) area
- (except table), visual manoeuvring (circling) area not
- considered for obstacle clearance (except table), minimum
- descent altitude/height, visual flight manoeuvre, missed
- approach whilst circling
- simultaneous ILS operations on parallel or near-parallel
- runways
- VOR/DME
- precision approach procedures
- Holding procedures
- in flight procedures (except table), entry, holding
- obstacle clearance (except table)
- Altimeter setting procedures (including ICAO Doc. 7030-
- regional supplementary procedures)
- basic requirements (except tables), procedures applicable
- to operators and pilots (except table)
- Secondary surveillance radar transponder operating procedures
- (including ICAO Doc. 7030 – regional supplementary
- procedures)
- operation of transponders
- operation of ACAS equipment
- phraseology
- Air Traffic Services (Based on Annex 11 and Doc. 4444)
- Air Traffic Services – Annex 11
- definitions (see general statements)
- General
- objective of ATS, divisions of ATS, designation of the
- portions of the airspace and controlled aerodromes
- where ATS will be provided, classification of airspaces
- performance (RNP), establishment and designation of
- the units providing ATS, specifications for flight
- information regions, control areas and control zones,
- minimum flight altitudes, priority in the event of an
- aircraft in emergency, in flight contingencies, time in
- ATS
- Flight Information Service
- application
- scope of flight information service
- operational flight information service broadcasts
- Alerting Service
- application, notification of rescue co-ordination centres
- (only INCERFA, ALERFA, DETRESFA), information
- to aircraft operating in the vicinity of an aircraft in a
- state of emergency
- Principles governing the Identification of RNP types and the
- identification of ATS routes other than standard departure and
- arrival routes (Appendix 1)
- Rules of the air and air traffic services (ICAO Doc. 4444-
- RAC/501/11 and ICAO Doc. 7030 – Regional supplementary
- procedures)
- definitions (see general statements)
- relationship to other document
- General provisions
- general air traffic services operating practices:
- submission of a flight plan, change from IFR to VFR
- flight, clearances and information, control of air traffic
- flow, altimeter setting procedures, indication of heavy
- wake turbulence category and MLS capacity, position
- reporting, air traffic incident report, procedures in
- regard to aircraft equipped with airborne collision
- avoidance systems (ACAS)
- Appendix 1
- Approach Control Service
- departing aircraft: general procedures for departing
- aircraft, clearances for departing aircraft to climb
- maintaining own separation while in visual
- meteorological conditions, information for departing
- aircraft
- arriving aircraft: general procedures for arriving
- aircraft, clearance to descend subject to maintaining
- own separation in visual meteorological conditions,
- visual approach, instrument approach, holding,
- approach sequence, expected approach time,
- information for arriving aircraft
- Aerodrome Control Service
- functions of aerodrome control towers: general alerting
- service provided by aerodrome control towers,
- suspension of VFR operations by aerodrome control
- towers
- traffic and taxi circuits: selection of runway-in-use
- information to aircraft by aerodrome control towers:
- information on aerodrome conditions
- control of aerodrome traffic: order of priority for
- arriving and departing aircraft, control of departing and
- arriving aircraft, wake turbulence categorization of
- aircraft and increased longitudinal separation minima,
- Flight information Service and Alerting Service
- flight information service
- alerting service
- Use of radar in Air Traffic Services
- general provisions: limitations in the use of radar,
- identification procedures (only establishment of radar
- identity), position information, radar vectoring
- use of radar in the air traffic control service
- Aeronautical Information Service (Based on Annex 15)
- Annex 15
- Essential definitions
- Applicability
- Aerodromes (Based on Annex 14, Vol 1& 2)
- Annex 14
- definitions
- Aerodrome data:
- Visual aids for denoting obstacles
- marking of objects
- lighting of objects
- Visual aids for denoting restricted use of areas
- Emergency and other services
- rescue and fire fighting
- apron management service
- ground servicing of aircraft
- Attachment A to Annex 14
- calculation of declared distances
- radio altimeter operating areas
- approach lighting systems
- Facilitation (Based on Annex 9)
- definitions
- Entry and departure of aircraft
- description, purpose and use of aircraft documents:
- general declaration
- Search and Rescue (Based on Annex 12)
- Annex 12
- definitions
- Organisation
- establishment and provision of SAR service
- establishment of SAR regions
- establishment and designation of SAR services units
- Co-operation
- co-operation between States
- co-operation with other services
- Operating procedures
- procedures for pilots-in-command at the scene of an
- accident
- procedures for pilots-in-command intercepting a distress
- transmission
- search and rescue signals
- Search and rescue signals:
- signals with surface craft
- ground/air visual signal code
- air/ground signals
- Aircraft Accident Investigation (Based on Annex 13)
Practice this subject
Aircraft General Knowledge169 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 32–50
- (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
- i.Principles of operation and functioning of aeroplane/helicopter power plants, systems and instruments,
- ii.Operating limitations of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopter and power plants; relevant operational information from the flight manual or other appropriate document,
- iii.Use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopters,
- iv.Maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and power plants of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopters,
relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
- i.General characteristics and limitations of electrical, hydraulic, pressurization and other aeroplane/helicopter systems, flight control systems, including autopilot and stability augmentation,
- ii.Principles of operation, handling procedures and operating limitations of aeroplane/helicopter powerplants, effects of atmospheric conditions on engine performance, relevant operational information from the flight manual or other appropriate document,
- iii.Operating procedures and limitations of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopter, effects of atmospheric conditions on aeroplane/helicopter performance,
- iv.Use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopter,
- v.Flight instruments, compasses, turning and acceleration errors, gyroscopic instruments, operational limits and precession effects, practices and procedures in the event of malfunctions of various flight instruments,
- vi.Maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and powerplants of appropriate aeroplanes/helicopter,
relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- (c).For issue of Instrument Rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
- i.The use and serviceability of avionics and instruments necessary for the control and navigation of aeroplanes/helicopters under IFR and in Instrument meteorological conditions, use and limitations of autopilot.
- ii.Compasses, turning and acceleration errors, gyroscopic instruments, operational limits and precession effects, practices and procedures in the event of malfunctions of various flight instruments.
- AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
- AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS, ELECTRICS, POWERPLANT,
- EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT – AIRCRAFT
- AIRFRAME AND SYSTEMS – AEROPLANES
- Air driven systems (piston engines only)
- De-ice systems
- pneumatic leading edge de-icing of wings and
- control surfaces
- schematic construction
- operational limitations
- initiation/timing of de-icing system usage
- Air Driven Systems (Turbo propeller and Jet aircraft)
- Anti-ice systems
- aerofoil (Aeroplane), aerofoil/rotors (Helicopter)
- and control surfaces, powerplant, air intakes,
- windshield
- schematic construction, operating limitations and
- initiation, timing of de-icing system usage
- ice warning system
- Schematic construction, functioning and operation of: '
- air intake
- propeller (Aeroplane); propeller/rotors
- (Helicopter)
- pilot, static pressure sensor and stall warning
- devices
- windshield
- weeping wing system
- rain repellent system
- ELECTRICS
- Direct Current (DC) (ATPL and CPL); Direct/Alternating
- Current (DC/AC) (IR)
- General
- electric circuits
- voltage, current, resistance
- Ohm's law
- Resistive circuits
- Resistance as a function of temperature
- Electrical power, electrical work
- Fuses (function, type and operation)
- the electrical field
- the capacitor (function)
- Magnetism
- permanent magnetism
- electromagnetism
- relay, circuit breaker, solenoid valve
- (principle, function and applications
- electromagnetic power
- electromagnetic induction
- Generators
- alternator:
- principle, function and applications
- monitoring devices
- regulation, control and protection
- modes of excitation
- starter generator
- Distribution
- current distribution (buses)
- monitoring of electrical flight
- instruments/systems:
- ammeter, voltmeter
- annunciators
- electrical consumers
- DC power distribution:
- construction, operation and system
- monitoring
- elementary switching circuits
- Inverter (applications)
- Basic radio propagation theory
- Basic principles
- electromagnetic waves
- wave length, amplitude, phase angle, frequency
- frequency bands, sideband, single sideband
- pulse characteristics
- carrier, modulation, demodulation
- kinds of modulation (amplitude, frequency,
- pulse, multiples)
- oscillation circuits
- Antennas
- characteristics
- polarization
- types of antennas
- Wave propagation
- ground waves
- space waves
- propagation with the frequency bands
- frequency prognosis (MUF)
- fading
- factors affecting propagation (reflection,
- absorption, interference, twilight, shoreline,
- shoreline, mountain, static)
- FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS
- Air data instruments
- Pilot and static system
- Pilot tube, construction and principles of operation
- static source
- malfunction
- heating
- alternate static source
- Altimeter
- construction and principles of operation
- display and setting
- errors
- correction tables
- tolerances
- Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
- aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI)
- construction and principles of operation
- display
- Gyroscopic instruments
- Gyro fundamentals
- theory of gyroscopic forces (stability, precession)
- types, construction and principles of operation
- vertical gyro
- directional gyro
- rate gyro
- rate integrating gyro
- single degree-of-freedom gyro
- ring laser gyro
- apparent drift
- random drift
- mountings
- drive types, monitoring
- Directional gyro
- construction and principles of operation
- Slaved gyro compass
- construction and principles of operation
- components
- mounting and modes of operation
- turn and acceleration errors
- application, uses of output data
- Attitude indicator (vertical gyro)
- construction and principles of operation
- display types
- turn and acceleration errors
- application, uses of output data
- Magnetic compass
- construction and principles of operation
- errors (deviation, effect of inclination)
- Radio Altimeter
- components
- frequency band
- principle of operation
- display
- errors
- Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS)
- information display types
- data input
- control panel, display unit
- example of a typical aircraft installation
- AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS
- Autopilot
- function and application
- types (different axes)
- block diagram, components
- lateral modes
- longitudinal modes
- common modes
- autoland, sequence of operation
- system concepts for autoland, go around, take-off, fail
- passive, fail operational (redundant)
- control modes
- signal interfacing to control surfaces
- operation and programming for various flight phases
- system monitoring
- limitations, operational restrictions
- Yaw Damper/Stability augmentation system
- function
- block diagram, components
- signal interfacing to vertical stabilizer
Practice this subject
Flight Performance & Planning1 topic · 100 marks · printed pp. 51–64
- (a)For issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
- i.The effects of loading and mass distribution on aeroplane/helicopter handling, flight characteristics and performance, mass and balance calculations, and
- ii.The use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data
- iii.Pre-flight and en-route flight planning appropriate to operations under VFR, preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans, appropriate air traffic services procedures and altimeter setting procedures,
relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.
- (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
- i.Effects of loading and mass distribution on aeroplane handling, flight characteristics and performance, mass and balance calculations,
- ii.Use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data, including procedures for cruise control and,
- iii.Pre-flight and en-route operational flight planning, preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans, appropriate air traffic services procedures, altimeter setting procedures,
relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for aeroplane/helicopter.
- (c).For issue of Instrument rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with
- i.Pre-flight preparations and checks appropriate to flight under IFR and
- ii.Operational flight planning, preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans under IFR, altimeter setting procedures.
- FLIGHT PERFORMANCE AND PLANNING
Human Performance and Limitations138 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 65–68
- (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the Human Performance and Limitations relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- (b).For issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with the Human Performance and Limitations relevant to the holder of a Airline Transport Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- (c).For issue of Instrument rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with relevant instrument flights in aeroplane/helicopter.
- Human Performance and limitations
- Human Factors: basic concepts
- Human Factors in aviation
- Competence and limitations
- Becoming a competent pilot
- the traditional approach towards 'proficiency'
- the human factors approach towards
- 'professionalism'
- Accident statistics
- Flight safety concepts
- Basic aviation physiology and health maintenance
- Basics of flight physiology
- The atmosphere
- composition
- gas Laws
- oxygen requirement of tissues
- Man and Environment the sensory system
- Central and peripheral nervous system
- sensory threshold, sensitivity, adaptation
- habituation
- reflexes and biological control systems
- Vision
- functional anatomy
- visual field, foveal and peripheral vision
- binocular and monocular vision
- monocular vision cues
- night vision
- Hearing
- functional anatomy
- Equilibrium
- functional anatomy
- motion, acceleration, verticality
- motion sickness
- Integration of sensory inputs
- spatial disorientation
- illusions
- physical origin
- physiological origin
- psychological origin
- approach and landing problems
- Health and hygiene
- Personal hygiene
- Common minor ailments
- cold
- influenza
- gastro-intestinal upset
- Problem areas for pilots
- hearing loss
- defective vision
- hypotension, hypertension, coronary disease
- obesity
- nutrition hygiene
- tropical climates
- epidemic diseases
- Incapacitation
- symptoms and causes
- recognition
- operating coping procedures
- Incapacitation
- symptoms and causes
- recognition
- operating coping procedures
- BASIC AVIATION PSYCHOLOGY
- Human information processing
- Attention and vigilance
- selectivity of attention
- divided attention
- Perception
- perceptual illusions
- subjectivity of perception
- 'bottom-up'/'top-down' processing
- Memory
- sensory memory
- working memory
- long term memory
- motor memory (skills)
- Response selection
- learning principles and techniques
- drives
- motivation and performance
- Human error and reliability
- Reliability of human behaviour
- Hypotheses on reality
- similarity, frequency
- completion causality
- Theory and model of human error
- Error generation
- internal factors (cognitive styles)
- external factors
- ergonomics
- economics
- Organization)
- Decision making
- Decision-making concepts
- structure (phases)
- limits
- risk assessment
- practical application
- Safety awareness
- risk area awareness
- identification of error proneness (oneself)
- identification of error sources (others)
- situational awareness
- Communication
- communication model (s)
- verbal and non-verbal communication
- communication barriers
- conflict management
- Personality
- Personality and attitudes
- development
- environmental influences
- Individual differences in personality
- self-concepts (e.g. action vs, state-orientation)
- Human overload and under load
- Arousal
- Stress
- definition(s), concept)s), model (s)
- anxiety and stress
- effects of stress
- Fatigue
- types, causes, symptoms
- effects of fatigue
- Body rhythm and sleep
- rhythm disturbances
- symptoms, effects, management
- Fatigue and stress management
- coping strategies
- management techniques
- health and fitness programmes
- relaxation techniques
- religious practices
- counselling techniques
- Advanced cockpit automation
- Advantages and disadvantages (criticalities)
- Automation complacency
Practice this subject
Meteorology173 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 69–74
- (a).For Issue of Commercial Pilot Licence, pilots of Aeroplane/Helicopter shall be conversant with,
- i.Interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports, charts and forecasts, use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information, pre- flight and in-flight, altimetry,
- ii.Aeronautical meteorology; climatologic of relevant areas in respect of the elements having an effect upon aviation, the movement of pressure systems, the structure of fronts, and the origin and characteristics of significant weather phenomena which affect take-off, en-route and landing conditions, hazardous weather avoidance,
relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- (b)For Issue of Airline Transport Pilot Licence, pilots of Aeroplane/Helicopter shall be conversant with,
- i.Interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports, charts and forecasts, codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information, pre-flight and in-flight, altimetry,
- ii.Aeronautical meteorology; climatology of relevant areas in respect of the elements having an effect upon aviation, the movement of pressure systems; the structure of fronts, and the origin and characteristics of significant weather phenomena which effect take-off, en-route and landing conditions,
- iii.Causes, recognition and effects of engine and airframe icing, frontal zone penetration procedures; hazardous weather avoidance,
- iv.Practical high altitude meteorology, including interpretation and use of weather reports, charts and forecasts, jet streams (this Para is applicable for pilots for aeroplanes only),
relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- (c).For issue of Instrument Rating, pilots of aeroplanes/helicopters shall be conversant with,
- i.application of aeronautical meteorology, interpretation and use of reports, charts and forecasts, codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information, altimetry,
- ii.causes, recognition and effects of engine and airframe icing, frontal zone penetration procedures, hazardous weather avoidance,
relevant instrument flights in aeroplane/helicopter.
- METEOROLOGY
- THE ATMOSPHERE
- Composition, extent, vertical division
- Composition, extent, vertical division
- Temperature
- Vertical distribution of temperature
- Transfer of heat
- solar and terrestrial radiation
- conduction
- convection
- advection and turbulence
- Lapse rate, stability and instability
- Development of inversions, types of inversions
- Temperature near the earth's surface, surface effects,
- diurnal variation, effect of clouds, effect of wind
- Atmospheric pressure
- Barometric pressure, isobars
- Pressure variation with height, contours (isohypses)
- Reduction of pressure to mean sea level, OFF
- Surface low/upper-air low, surface high/upper-air high
- Atmospheric density
- Interrelationship of pressure, temperature and density
- International Standard Atmosphere (ISA)
- International Standard Atmosphere
- Altimetry
- Pressure altitude, true altitude
- Height, altitude, flight level
- Altimeter settings: QNH, QFE, 1013.25 hPa
- Calculation of terrain clearance, lowest usable flight level,
- rule of thumb for temperature and pressure influences
- Effect of accelerated airflow due to topography
- WIND
- Definition and measurement
- Definition and measurement
- Primary cause of wind
- Relationship between isobars and wind
- General circulation
- General circulation around the globe
- Turbulence
- Turbulence and gustiness, types of turbulence
- Origin and location of turbulence
- Variation of wind with height
- Variation of wind in the friction layer
- Local winds
- Anabatic and catabatic winds, land and sea breezes,
- venturi effects
- Standing waves
- Origin of standing waves
- THERMODYNAMICS
- Humidity
- Water vapour in the atmosphere
- Temperature/dewpoint, mixing ratio, relative humidity
- Change of state of aggregation
- Condensation, evaporation, sublimation, freezing and
- melting, latent heat
- Adiabatic processes
- Adiabatic processes
- CLOUDS AND FOG
- Cloud formation and description
- Cooling by adiabatic expansion and by advection
- Cloud types, cloud classification
- Influence of inversions on cloud development
- Flying conditions in each cloud type
- Fog. mist, haze
- Radiation fog
- Advection fog
- Steaming fog
- Frontal fog
- Orographic fog
- PRECIPITATION
- Development of precipitation
- Types of precipitation
- Types of precipitation, relationship with cloud types
- AIRMASSES AND FRONTS
- Types of air masses
- Description, factors affecting the properties of an air mass
- Classification of air masses, modifications of air masses,
- areas of origin
- Fronts
- Boundaries between air masses (fronts), general situation,
- geographic differentiation
- Warm front, associated clouds and weather
- Cold front, associated clouds and weather
- Warm sector, associated clouds and weather
- Weather behind the cold front
- Occlusions, associated clouds and weather
- Stationary front, associated clouds and weather
- Movement of fronts and pressure systems, life cycle
- PRESSURE SYSTEMS
- Location of the principal pressure areas
- Location of the principal pressure areas
- Anticyclone
- Anticyclones, types, general properties, cold and warm
- anticyclones, ridges subsidence
- Non frontal depressions
- Thermal, orographic and secondary depressions, cold air
- pools, troughs
- CLIMATOLOGY
- Typical weather situations in mid-latitudes
- Westerly waves
- High pressure area
- Uniform pressure pattern
- Cold pool
- Local seasonal weather and wind
- Local seasonal weather and wind
- FLIGHT HAZARDS
- Icing
- Weather conditions for ice accretion, topographical
- effects
- Types of ice accretion
- Hazards of ice accretion, avoidance
- Turbulence
- Effects on flight, avoidance
- CAT: effects on flight
- Windshear
- Definition of windshear
- Weather conditions for windshear
- Effects on flight
- Thunderstorms
- Structure of thunderstorms, squall lines, life history, storm
- cells, electricity in the atmosphere, static charges
- Conditions for and process of development, forecast,
- location, type specification
- Thunderstorm avoidance, ground/airborne radar,
- stormscope
- Development and effect of downbursts
- Development of lightning discharges and effect of
- lightning strike on aircraft and flight execution
- Tornadoes
- Occurrence
- Low and high level inversions
- Influence on aircraft performance
- Stratospheric conditions
- Tropopause influence on aircraft performance
- Effect of ozone, radioactivity
- Hazards in mountainous areas
- Influence of terrain on clouds and precipitation, frontal
- passage
- Vertical movements, mountain waves, windshear,
- turbulence, ice accretion
- Visibility reducing phenomena
- Reduction of visibility cause by mist, smoke, dust, sand
- and precipitation
- Reduction of visibility cause by low drifting and blowing
- snow
- METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
- Observation
- On the ground – surface wind, visibility and runway
- visual range, transmission meters: Clouds – type,
- amount, height of base and tops, movement: Weather –
- including all types of precipitation, air temperature,
- relative humidity, dewpoint, atmospheric pressure
- Upper air observations
- Satellite observation, interpretation
- Weather radar observations ground and airborne,
- interpretation
- Aircraft observations and reporting, date line systems,
- PIREPS
- Weather charts
- Significant weather charts
- Surface charts
- Upper air charts
- Symbols and signs on analysed and prognostic charts
- Information for flight planning
- Aeronautical codes: METAR, TAF, SPECI, SIGMET,
- SNOWTAM, runway report
- Meteorological broadcasts for aviation: VOLMET, ATIS,
- HF-VOLMET, ACARS
- Content and use of pre-flight meteorological documents
- Meteorological briefing and advice
- Measuring and warning systems for low level windshear,
- inversion
- Special meteorological warnings
Practice this subject
Operational Procedures10 topics · 50 marks · printed pp. 82–88
- (a).i. For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for aeroplanes, pilots shall be conversant with,
• Use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations,
• Appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures,
• Operational procedures for carriage of freight, potential hazards associated with dangerous goods,
• Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from aeroplanes,
relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for aeroplane.
- ii.For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with,
• Use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations, • Appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures, including action to be taken to avoid hazardous weather and wake turbulence, settling with power, ground resonance, roll-over and other operating hazards,
• Operational procedures for carriage of freight, including external loads, potential hazards associated with dangerous goods, • Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from helicopters,
relevant to the holder of a Commercial Pilot Licence for helicopter.
- (b).i. For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for aeroplanes, pilots shall be conversant with, • Interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations, and instrument procedure charts for departure, en-route, descent and approach,
• Precautionary and emergency procedures, safety practices associated with flight under IFR,
• Operational procedures for carriage of freight and dangerous goods,
• Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from aeroplanes, relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for aeroplane.
- ii.For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with,
• Interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations,
• Precautionary and emergency procedures, settling with power, ground resonance, retreating blade stall, dynamic roll-over and other operating hazards, safety practices associated with flight under VFR,
• Operational procedures for carriage of freight, including external loads, and dangerous goods,
• Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from helicopters,
relevant to the holder of an Airline Transport Pilot Licence for helicopter.
- (c).For issue of Instrument Ratings for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with,
- i.Interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations, and instrument procedure charts for departure, en-route, descent and approach,
- ii.Precautionary and emergency procedures, safety practices associated with flight under IFR,
relevant to the holder of an Instrument Rating for aeroplane/helicopter.
- OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
- OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES – AIRCRAFT
- JAR-OPS-Requirements
- SPECIAL OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND
- HAZARDS (GENERAL ASPECTS)
- Wake turbulence
- cause
- influence of speed and mass, wind
- actions taken when crossing traffic, during
- take-off and landing
Practice this subject
Principles of Flight228 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 89–106
- (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with principles of flight relating to aeroplanes/helicopters.
- (b).i. For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for aeroplanes, pilots shall be conversant with principles of flight relating to aeroplanes, sub-sonic aerodynamics, compressibility effects, manoeuvre boundary limits, wing design characteristics, effects of supplementary lift and drag devices, relationships between lift, drag and thrust at various airspeeds and in different flight configurations,
- ii.For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with principles of flight relating to helicopters.
- PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT – HELICOPTER
- Basics laws and definitions
- Components of aircraft
- Aircraft configuration
- Units of measurement of
- length
- area
- volume
- velocity
- mass
- pressure
- temperature
- density
- force
- power
- energy
- Terms used to describe aerodynamic phenomena
- Reference speeds
- Abbreviations
- Derivation of lift
- Equation of continuity
- Bernoulli's theorem
- Streamline flow
- Angle of attack
- Pressure distribution about a wing (transverse and Longitudinal)
- Centre of pressure
- Aerofoil shape (plan and section) and its effect on lift
- Lift formula
- Lift/drag ratio
- Drag
- Profile drag
- causes
- variation with speed
- methods of minimizing it
- Induced drag
- causes
- vortices
- variation with speed
- design factors affecting it
- Total effect of the combination of profile and induced drag
- Distribution of forces – balance of couples
- Lift/weight and thrust/drag couples
- Necessity to achieve balance
- Methods of achieving balance
- Stability
- Static stability
- Dynamic stability
- Effects of design features on stability
- Inter-action between stability in different planes
- Effect of altitude/speed on stability
- Roll and yaw dampers
- Blade-stall
- Angle of Attack
- Boundary layer and reasons for stalling
- Variation of lift and drag in the stall
- Movement of the centre of pressure
- Transonic effects on blades
- Shock waves
- the reasons for their formation at subsonic speed
- their effect on the handling and operation of the
- helicopter
- Limitations
- Manoeuvring and gust envelope
- Performance degradation
- Adverse on performance due to profile contamination
- icing
- rain
- modification to and condition of the airframe
- HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS
- The helicopter and associated terminology
- Comparison with fixed wing and autogiro
- Plane of rotation
- Axes of rotation
- Rotor shaft axis
- Tip path plane
- Rotor disc
- Disc loading
- Blade loading
- The forces diagram and associated terminology
- Pitch angle
- Rotational airflow
- Induced airflow
- Relative airflow to the blade
- Angle of attack
- Lift-blade
- Drag-blade
- Total reaction blade
- Torque
- Weight
- Uniformity of rotor thrust along blade span
- Blade twist
- Tapersource unclear
- Coning angle
- Centrifugal force
- Limits of rotor RPM
- Centrifugal turning moments
- Helicopter Controls
- Collective lever
- collective pitch changes
- relationship with rotor thrust and rotor drag
- Cyclic stick
- cyclic pitch changes
- rotor disc attitude
- rotor thrust till
- Yaw pedals
- fuselage torque
- tail rotor drift
- tail rotor roll
- fenestron tail
- tandem rotors
- co axial rotors
- notar
- Rotor blade freedom of movement
- Feathering
- the feathering hinge
- pitch angle
- Flapping
- the flapping hinge
- alleviation of bending stresses
- flapping to equality
- Dragging
- the drag hinge
- drag dampers
- leading/lagging
- periodic drag changes
- blade cg (conservation of angular momentum)
- hooks joint effect
- Phases lag and advance angle
- The control orbit
- Pitch operating arm movement
- Rate of blade flapping
- Resulting disc attitude
- Phases lag definition
- Advantage angle – definition
- Vertical flight
- Take off
- Vertical climb
- Vertical descent
- Hover outside ground effect
- Ground effect
- Factors affecting ground cushion
- Dynamic roll-over avoidance of
- Forces in balance
- At the hover
- In forward flight
- Influence of cg
- Influence of rotor shaft till
- Translation lift
- Effect of horizontal airflow on induced flow
- Variation of total flow through the disc with forward flight
- The relationship between pitch angle and angle of attack
- Power Requirements
- Rotor profile power
- Power absorption – tail rotor and ancillary equipment
- Rotor profile power variation with forward speed
- Induced drag
- Parasite drag
- Total power required
- Power available
- Further aerodynamics of forward flight
- Transition from and to the hover
- Symmetry and asymmetry of rotor thrust
- Main rotor flapback
- Tail rotor flapback and methods of removal
- Inflow roll
- Factors affecting cyclic stick limits
- All up mass (AUM)
- Density altitude
- Cg position
- The flare – poser flight
- Thrust reversal
- Effect on aircraft attitude
- Increase in rotor thrust
- Decrease in rotor drag
- Increase in rotor RPM
- Effect of deceleration
- Settling with power (vortex ring)
- Tip vortices
- Comparison induced flow and external flow
- Development
- Change in relative airflow along blade span
- root stall and turbulence
- Blade sailing
- Rotor RPM and blade rigidity
- Effect of an adverse wind
- Minimising the danger
- Autorotation – vertical
- Rate of decent airflow
- Effective airflow
- Relative airflow
- Inflow and Inflow angle
- Autorotative force
- Rotor drag
- Effect of mass and altitude
- Control of rotor RPM with lever
- Rotor RPM stability
- Autorotation – forward flight
- Factors affecting inflow angle
- Effect of forward speed on rate of descent
- Asymmetry of autorotative disc area in forward flight
- Turning
- Range and endurance
- Autorotative landing
- Height/velocity avoidance graph
- Stability
- Hover
- Forward Flight
- Rearward Flight
- Stability aids
- stabilizers and effects of centre of gravity
- gyro controlled stabilizer system
- stabilizer bars
- delta hinge effect
- Effect of lever application on attitude in translational flight
- Control power
- The teetering head
- Fully articulated head
- The rigid rotor
- Effect on dynamic/static rollover
- Power requirements – graphs
- Maximum rate of climb speed
- Operating with limited power
- Best angle of climb speed
- Maximum speed
- Range and endurance
- Overpitch
- Overtorque
- Turning
Practice this subject
Radiotelephony37 topics · 50 marks · printed pp. 107–109
- (a).For issue of Commercial Pilot licence for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to VFR operations, action to be taken in case of communication failure .
- (b).i. For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for aeroplanes, pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology, action to be taken in case of communication failure.
- ii.For issue of Airline Transport Pilot licence for helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to VFR operations, action to be taken in case of communication failure .
- (c).For issue of Instrument Ratings for aeroplanes/helicopters, pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to aircraft operations under IFR, action to be taken in case of communication failure.
- COMMUNICATIONS
- IFR COMMUNICATIONS
- DEFINITIONS
- Meanings and significance of associated terms
- Air Traffic Control abbreviations
- Q-code groups commonly used in RTF air-ground
- communications
- Categories of messages
- GENERAL OPERATING PROCEDURES
- Transmission of letters
- Transmission of numbers (including level information)
- Transmission of time
- Transmission technique
- Standard words and phrases (relevant RTF phraseology
- included)
- Radiotelephony call signs for aeronautical stations including use
- of abbreviated call sings
- Radiotelephony call sings for aircraft including use of
- abbreviated call sings
- Transfer of communication
- Test procedures including readability scale; establishment of
- RTF communication
- Read back and acknowledgement requirements
- Radar procedural phraseology
- Level changes and reports
- ACTION REQUIRED TO BE TAKEN IN CASE OF
- COMMUNICATION FAILURE
- DISTRESS AND URGENCY PROCEDURES
- PAN medical
- Urgency (definition 0frequencies-urgency signal – urgency
- message)
- RELEVANT WEATHER INFORMATION TERMS (IFR)
- Aerodrome weather
- Weather broadcast
- GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF VHF PROPAGATION AND
- ALLOCATION OF FREQUENCIES
- MORSE CODE
Practice this subject