Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh
PPL Exam Syllabus (Aeroplane & Helicopter)
849 topics · 9 subjects · Aeroplane and helicopter
Contents
What CAAB says about these examinations
As depicted in Rule 23(b)/28(b) of CAR '84 (Part-1), an applicant, for issue of Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter, shall have passed at least Secondary School Certificate Examination or its Equivalent and shall have passed a written Examination conducted by Civil Aviation Authority, Bangladesh in the subjects and associated syllabi thereof. The subjects are:
- 1.AIR LAW
- 2.AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
- 3.FLIGHT PERFORMANCE & PLANNING
- 4.HUMAN PERFORMANCE AND LIMITATIONS
- 5.METEOROLOGY
- 6.NAVIGATION
- 7.OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
- 8.PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT
- 9.RADIOTELEPHONY
The syllabus for each subject shall supersede all syllabi issued before in this context. No alteration shall be allowed in the syllabus or in the examination details mentioned below, without the approval of Chairman, CAAB.
Before imparting lessons to the trainees, all authorized Training Institutions/Organizations/ Operators etc, shall prepare 'Lesson Plans' on the syllabus of each subject and shall get the same approved by CAAB.
Examinations are to be conducted out of 50 Marks for each of Operations Procedures & Radiotelephony and out of 100 Marks for each of the remaining subjects.
Examination Papers for each subject shall contain a few Descriptive (about 20% of the full marks), Multiple Choices (about 60% of the full marks), True/False (about 10% of the full marks) and Fill in the Blanks (about 10% of the full marks).
Reproduced from printed pp. 1–23.
Air Law105 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 1–3
Pilots shall be conversant with the rules and regulations, rules of the air and appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures relevant to the holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- Legislation
- 1 The Convention on International Civil Aviation
- 2 The International Civil Aviation Organisation
- 3 Articles of the Convention
- Sovereignty
- Territory
- Flight over territory of Contracting States
- Landings at customs airports
- Applicability of air regulations
- Rules of the air
- Entry and clearance regulations of Contracting States
- Search of aircraft
- Facilitation of formalities
- Customs and immigration procedures
- Customs duty
- Documents to be carried in aircraft
- Use of aircraft radio equipment
- Certificate of airworthiness
- Licences of air personnel
- Recognition of certificates and licenses
- Journey log books
- Cargo restrictions
- Restrictions on use of photographic equipment
- Adoption of international standards and procedures
- Endorsements of certificates and licences
- Validity of endorsed certificates and licences
- Annexes to the Convention ('ICAO Annexes')
- Annex 7 Aircraft nationality and registration marks
- Definitions
- Aircraft registration marks
- Certificate of registration
- Identification plate
- Annex 8 Airworthiness of aircraft
- Definitions
- Certificate of airworthiness
- Continuing airworthiness
- Validity of certificate of airworthiness
- Instruments and equipment
- Aircraft limitations and information
- Rules of the air
- Annex 2 Rules of the air
- Definitions
- Applicability
- General rules
- Visual flight rules
- Signals (Appendix 1)
- Interception of civil aircraft (Appendix 2)
- Air traffic regulations and air traffic services
- Annex 11 Air traffic regulations and air traffic services
- Definitions
- Objectives of air traffic services
- Classification of airspace
- Flight information regions, control areas and control zones
- Air traffic control services
- Flight information services
- Alerting service
- Visual meteorological conditions
- Instrument meteorological services
- In-flight contingencies
- Annex 14 Aerodrome data
- definitions
- conditions of the movement area and relevant facilities
- ICAO Document 4444 – Rules of the air and air traffic services
- General provisions
- Definitions
- ATS operating practices
- Flight plan clearance and information
- Control of air traffic flow
- Altimeter setting procedures
- Wake turbulence information
- Meteorological information
- Air reports (AIREP)
- Area control service
- Separation of controlled traffic in the various classes of airspace
- Pilots' responsibility to maintain separation in VMC
- Emergency and communications failure procedures by the pilot
- Interception of civil aircraft
- Approach control service
- Departing and arriving aircraft procedures in VMC
- Aerodrome control service
- Function of aerodrome control towers
- VFR operations
- Traffic and circuit procedures
- Information to aircraft
- Control of aerodrome traffic
- Flight information and alerting service
- Air traffic advisory service
- Objectives and basic principles
Practice this subject
Aircraft General Knowledge209 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 4–8
- (a)Pilots of aeroplanes shall be conversant with,
- (i).Principles of operation of aeroplane powerplants, systems and instruments and,
- (ii).Operating limitations of aeroplanes and powerplants; relevant operational information from the flight manual or other appropriate document, relevant to the holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane.
- (b)Pilots of helicopters shall be conversant with,
- (i)Principles of operation of helicopter powerplants, transmission (power- trains), systems and instruments and,
- (ii)Operating limitations of helicopters and powerplants, relevant operational information from the flight manual, relevant to the holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Helicopter.
- Airframe
- Airframe structure
- Components
- Fuselage, wings, tail plane, fin
- Primary flying controls
- Trim and flap/slat systems
- Landing gear
- nose wheel, including steering
- tyres' condition
- braking systems and precautions in use
- retraction systems
- Airframe loads
- Static strength
- safety factor
- control locks and use
- ground/flight precautions
- Power plant
- Engines -general
- principles of the four stroke internal combustion engine
- basic construction
- causes of pre-ignition and detonation
- power output as a function of RPM
- Engine cooling
- air cooling
- cowling design and cylinder baffles
- design and use of cowl flaps
- cylinder head temperature gauge
- Engine lubrication
- function and methods of lubrication
- lubrication systems
- methods of oil circulation
- oil pump and filter requirements
- qualities and grades of oil
- oil temperature and pressure control
- oil cooling methods
- recognition of oil system malfunctions
- Ignition systems
- principles of magneto ignition
- construction and function
- purpose and principle of impulse coupling
- serviceability checks, recognition of malfunctions
- operational procedures to avoid spark plug fouling
- Carburetion
- principles of float type carburetor
- construction and function
- methods to maintain correct mixture ratio
- operation of metering jets and accelerator pump
- effect of altitude
- manual mixture control
- maintaining correct mixture ratio
- limitation on use at high power
- avoidance of detonation
- idle cut-off valve
- operation and use of primary controls
- air induction system
- alternate induction systems
- carburetor icing, use of hot air
- injection systems, principles and operation
- Aero engine fuel
- classification of fuels
- grades and identification by color
- quality requirements
- inspection for contamination
- use of fuel strainers and drains
- Fuel systems
- fuel tanks and supply lines
- venting system
- mechanical and electrical pumps
- gravity feed
- tank selection
- system management
- Propellers
- propeller nomenclature
- conversion of engine power to thrust
- design and construction of fixed pitch propeller
- forces acting on propeller blade
- variation of RPM with change of airspeed
- thrust efficiency with change of speed
- design and construction of variable pitch propeller
- constant speed unit operation
- effect of blade pitch changes
- wind milling effect
- Engine handling
- starting procedures and precautions
- recognition of malfunctions
- warming up, power and system checks
- oil temperature and pressure limitations
- cylinder head temperature limitations
- ignition and other system checks
- power limitations
- avoidance of rapid power changes
- use of mixture control
- Systems
- Electrical system
- installation and operation of alternators/generators
- direct current supply
- batteries, capacity and charging
- voltmeters and ammeters
- circuit breakers and fuses
- electrically operated services and instruments
- recognition of malfunctions
- procedure in the event of malfunctions
- Vacuum system
- components
- pumps
- regulator and gauge
- filter system
- recognition of malfunction
- procedures in the event of malfunctions
- Instruments
- Pitot/static system
- pitot tube, function
- pitot tube, principles and construction
- static source
- alternate static source
- position error
- system drains
- heating element
- errors caused by blockage or leakage
- Airspeed indicator
- principles of operation and construction
- relationship between pilot and static pressure
- definitions of indicated, calibrated and true airspeed
- instrument errors
- airspeed indications, colour coding
- pilot's serviceability checks
- Altimeter
- principles of operation and construction
- function of the sub-scale
- effects of atmospheric density
- pressure altitude
- international standard atmosphere
- Vertical speed indicator
- principles of operation and construction
- function
- inherent lag
- instantaneous VSI
- presentation
- pilot's serviceability checks
- Gyroscopes
- principles
- rigidity
- precession
- Turn indicator
- rate gyro
- purpose and function
- effect of speed
- presentation
- turn co-ordinator
- limited rate of turn indications
- power source
- balance indicator
- principle
- presentation
- pilot's serviceability checks
- Attitude indicator
- earth gyro
- purpose and function
- presentations
- interpretation
- operating limitations
- power source
- pilot's serviceability checks
- Heading indicator
- directional gyro
- purpose and function
- presentation
- use with magnetic compass
- setting mechanism
- apparent drift
- operating limitations
- power source
- pilot's serviceability checks
- Magnetic compass
- construction and function
- earth's magnetic field
- verification and deviation
- turning, acceleration errors
- precautions when carrying magnetic items
- pilot's serviceability checks
- Engine instruments
- principles, presentation and operational use of:
- oil temperature gauge
- oil pressure gauge
- cylinder head temperature gauge
- exhaust gas meter
- manifold pressure gauge
- fuel pressure gauge
- fuel flow gauge
- fuel quantity gauge(s)
- tachometer
- Other instruments
- principles, presentation and operational use of
- vacuum gauge
- voltmeter and ammeter
- warning indicators
- others relevant to aeroplane type
- Airworthiness
- Airworthiness
- certificate to be in force
- compliance with requirements
- periodic maintenance inspections
- compliance with flight manual (or equivalent), instructions,
- limitations, placards
- flight manual supplements
- provision and maintenance of documents
- aeroplane, engine and propeller log books
- recording of defects
- permitted maintenance by pilots
Practice this subject
Flight Performance & Planning28 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 9–9
Pilots shall be conversant with the following for knowledge and aptitude on Flight performance & Planning relevant to the holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter:-
- (a)Effects of loading and mass distribution on flight characteristics; mass and balance calculations,
- (b)Use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data,
- (c)Pre-flight and en-route flight planning appropriate to private operations under VFR; preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans; appropriate air traffic services procedures; position reporting procedures; altimeter setting procedures; operations in areas of high-density traffic,
- Mass and balance
- Mass and balance
- limitations on maximum mass
- forward and aft limitations of centre of gravity, normal and utility operation
- mass and centre of gravity calculations – aeroplane manual and balance sheet
- Performance
- Take- off
- take –off run and distance available
- take-off and initial climb
- effects of mass, wind and density altitude
- effects of ground surface and gradient
- use of flaps
- 3 Landing
- effects of mass, wind, density altitude and approach speed
- use of flaps
- ground surface and gradient
- In flight
- relationship between power required and power available
- performance diagram
- maximum rate and maximum angle of climb
- range and endurance
- effects of configuration, mass, temperature and altitude
- reduction of performance during climbing turns
- gliding
- adverse effects
- icing, rain
- condition of the airframe
- effect of flap
Human Performance and Limitations79 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 10–11
Pilots shall be conversant with the Human Performance and Limitations relevant to the holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- Basic physiology
- Concepts
- composition of the atmosphere
- the gas laws
- respiration and blood circulation
- Effects of partial pressure
- effects of increasing altitude
- gas transfer
- hypoxia
- symptoms
- prevention
- cabin pressurization
- effects of rapid decompression
- time of useful consciousness
- the use of oxygen masks and rapid descent
- hyperventilation
- symptoms
- avoidance
- effects of accelerations
- Vision
- physiology of vision
- limitations of the visual system
- vision defects
- optical illusions
- spatial disorientation
- avoidance of disorientation
- Hearing
- physiology of hearing
- inner ear sensations
- effects of altitude change
- noise and hearing loss
- protection of hearing
- spatial disorientation
- conflicts between cars and eyes
- prevention of disorientation
- Motion sickness
- causes
- symptoms
- prevention
- Flying and health
- medical requirements
- effect of common ailments and cures
- colds
- stomach upsets
- drugs, medicines, and side effects
- alcohol
- fatigue
- personal fitness
- passenger fitness
- passenger care
- scuba diving – precautions before flying
- Toxic hazards
- dangerous goods
- carbon monoxide from heaters
- Basic psychology
- The information process
- concepts of sensation
- cognitive perception
- expectancy
- anticipation
- habits
- The central decision channel
- mental workload, limitations
- information sources
- stimuli and attention
- verbal communication
- memory and its limitations
- causes of misinterpretation
- Stress
- causes and effects
- concepts of arousal
- effects on performance
- identifying and reducing stress
- Judgment and decision making
- concepts of pilots judgment
- psychological attitudes
- behavioural aspects
- risk assessment
- development of situational awareness
Practice this subject
Meteorology104 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 12–14
Pilots shall be conversant with the application of elementary aeronautical meteorology; use of and procedures for obtaining, meteorological information; altimetry relevant to the holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- The atmosphere
- composition and structure
- vertical divisions
- Pressure, density and temperature
- barometric pressure, isobars
- changes of pressure, density and temperature with altitude
- altimetry terminology
- solar and terrestrial energy radiation, temperature
- diurnal variation of temperature
- adiabatic process
- temperature lapse rate
- stability and instability
- effects of radiation, advection subsidence and convergence
- Humidity and precipitation
- water vapour in the atmosphere
- vapour pressure
- dew point and relative humidity
- condensation and vaporization
- precipitation
- Pressure and wind
- high and low pressure areas
- motion of the atmosphere, pressure gradient
- vertical and horizontal motion, convergence, divergence
- surface and geostrophic wind
- effect of wind gradient and windshear on take-off and landing
- relationship between isobars and wind, Buys Ballot's law
- turbulence and gustiness
- local winds, fohn, land and sea breezes
- cloud formation
- cooling by advection, radiation and adiabatic expansion
- cloud types
- convection clouds
- orographic clouds
- stratiform and cumulus clouds
- flying conditions in each cloud type
- Fog, mist and haze
- radiation, advection, frontal, freezing fog
- formation and dispersal
- reduction of visibility due to mist, snow, smoke, dust and sand
- assessment of probability of reduce visibility
- hazards in flight due to low visibility, horizontal and vertical
- Air-masses
- description of and factors affecting the properties of air-masses
- classification of air-masses, region of origin
- modification of air-masses during their movement
- development of low and high pressure systems
- weather associated with pressure systems
- Frontology
- formation of cold and warm fronts
- boundaries between air-masses
- development of a warm front
- associated clouds and weather
- weather in the warm sector
- development of a cold front
- associated clouds and weather
- occlusions
- associated clouds and weather
- stationary fronts
- associated clouds and weather
- Ice accretion
- conditions conducive to ice formation
- effects of hoar frost, rime ice, clear ice
- effects of icing on aeroplane performance
- precautions and avoidance of icing conditions
- powerplant icing
- precautions, prevention and clearance of induction and carburetor icing
- Thunderstorms
- formation – airmass, frontal, orographic
- conditions required
- development process
- recognition of favourable conditions for formation
- hazards for aeroplanes
- effects of lightning and severe turbulence
- avoidance of flight in the vicinity of thunderstorms
- Flight over mountainous areas
- hazards
- influence of terrain on atmospheric processes
- mountain waves, windshear, turbulence, vertical movement, rotor effects,
- valley winds
- Climatology
- local seasonal weather and winds
- Altimetry
- operational aspects of pressure settings
- pressure altitude, density altitude
- height, altitude, flight level
- ICAO standard atmosphere
- QNH, QFE, standard setting
- transition altitude, layer and level
- The meteorological organization
- aerodrome meteorological offices
- aeronautical meteorological stations
- forecasting service
- meteorological services at aerodromes
- availability of periodic weather forecasts
- Weather analysis and forecasting
- weather charts, symbols, signs
- significant weather charts
- prognostic charts for general aviation
- Weather information for flight planning
- reports and forecasts for departure, en-route, destination and alternate(s)
- interpretation of coded information METAR, TAF, GAFOR
- availability of ground reports for surface wind, windshear, visibility
- Meteorological broadcasts for aviation
- VOLMET, ATIS, SIGMET
Practice this subject
Operational Procedures25 topics · 50 marks · printed pp. 19–19
- (a)Pilots of aeroplanes shall be conversant with,
- (i)Use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations and,
- (ii)Appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures, including action to be taken to avoid hazardous weather, wake turbulence and other operating hazards, relevant to holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane.
- (b)Pilots of helicopters shall be conversant with,
- (i)Use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations and,
- (ii)Appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures, including action to be taken to avoid hazardous weather and wake turbulence; settling with power, ground resonance, roll-over and other operating hazards, relevant to holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Helicopter.
- ICAO Annex 6, Part- Operation of aircraft
- foreword
- definitions
- general statement
- flight preparation and in-flight procedures
- performance and operating limitations
- instruments and equipment
- maintenance
- flight crew
- lights to be displayed
- ICAO Annex 12 – Search and rescue
- definitions
- alerting phases
- procedures for pilot-in-command (para 5.8 and 5.9)
- search and rescue signals (para 5.9 and Appendix A)
- ICAO Annex 13 – Aircraft accident investigation
- definitions
- national procedures
- Noise abatement
- general procedures
- application to take-off and landing
- Contravention of aviation regulations
- offences
- penalties
Practice this subject
Principles of Flight81 topics · 100 marks · printed pp. 20–21
Pilots shall be conversant with the Principles of flight relating to aeroplanes/helicopters, relevant to the holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- The atmosphere
- composition and structure
- ICAO standard atmosphere
- atmospheric pressure
- Airflow around a body, sub-sonic
- air resistance and air density
- boundary layer
- fiction forces
- laminar and turbulent flow
- Airflow about a two dimensional aerofoil
- airflow around a flat plate
- airflow around a curved plate (aerofoil)
- description of aerofoil cross section
- lift and drag
- Cl and Cd and their relationship to angle of attack
- Three dimensional flow about an aerofoil
- aerofoil shapes and wing platforms
- induced drag
- downwash angle, vortex drag, ground effect
- aspect ratio
- parasite (profile) drag
- form, skin friction and interference drag
- lift/drag ration
- Distribution of the four forces
- balance and couples
- lift and mass
- thrust and drag
- methods of achieving balance
- Flying controls
- the three planes
- pitching about the lateral axis
- rolling about the longitudinal axis
- yawing about the normal axis
- effects of the elevators (stabilators), ailerons and rudder
- control in pitch, roll and yaw
- cross coupling, roll and yaw
- mass and aerodynamic balance of control surfaces
- Trimming controls
- basic trim tab, balance tab and anti-balance tab
- purpose and function
- method of operation
- Flaps and slats
- simple, split, slotted and Fowler flaps
- purpose and function
- operational use
- slats, leading edge
- purpose and function
- normal/automatic operation
- The stall
- stalling angle of attack
- disruption of smooth airflow
- reduction of lift, increase of drag
- movement of centre of pressure
- symptoms of development
- aeroplane characteristics at the stall
- factors affecting stall speed and aeroplane behaviour at the stall
- stalling from level, climbing, descending and turning flight
- inherent and artificial stall warnings
- recovery from the stall
- Avoidance of spins
- wing tip stall
- the development of roll
- recognition at the incipient stage
- immediate and positive stall recovery
- Stability
- definitions of static and dynamic stability
- longitudinal stability
- centre of gravity effect on control in pitch
- lateral and directional stability
- interrelationship, lateral and directional stability
- Load factor and manoeuvres
- structural considerations
- manoeuvring and gust envelope
- limiting load factors, with and without flaps
- changes in load factor in turns and pull-ups
- manoeuvring speed limitations
- in-flight precautions
- Stress loads on the ground
- side loads on the landing gear
- landing
- Taxing, precautions during turns
Practice this subject
Radiotelephony65 topics · 50 marks · printed pp. 22–23
Pilots shall be conversant with radiotelephony procedures and phraseology, as applied to VFR operations: action to be taken in case of communication failure relevant to the holder of a Private Pilot Licence for Aeroplane/Helicopter.
- Radiotelephony (Communications)
- Radio telephony and communications
- use of AIP and frequency selection
- microphone technique
- phonetic alphabet
- station/aeroplane callsigns/abbreviations
- transmission technique
- use of standard words and phrases
- listening out
- required 'readback' instructions
- Departure procedures
- radio checks
- taxi instructions
- holding on ground
- departure clearance
- En-route procedures
- frequency changing
- position, altitude / flight level reporting
- flight information service
- weather information
- weather reporting
- procedures to obtain bearings, headings, position
- procedural phraseology
- Arrival and traffic pattern procedures
- arrival clearance
- callas and ATC instructions during the:
- circuit
- approach and landing
- vacating runway
- Communications failure
- Action to be taken
- alternate frequency
- serviceability check, including microphone and headphones
- in-flight procedures according to type of airspace
- Distress and urgency procedures
- distress (Mayday), definition and when to use
- frequencies to use
- contents of Mayday message
- urgency (Pan), definition and when to use
- frequencies to use
- relay of messages
- maintenance of silence when distress/urgency calls heard
- cancellation of distress/urgency
- General Flight Safety
- Aeroplane
- seat adjustment and security
- harnesses and seat belts
- emergency equipment and its use
- fire extinguisher
- engine/cabin fires
- de-icing systems
- survival equipment, life jackets, life rafts
- carbon monoxide poisoning
- refuelling precautions
- flammable goods/pressurised containers
- Operational
- wake turbulence
- aquaplaning
- windshear, take-off, approach and landing
- passenger briefings
- emergency exits
- evacuation from the aeroplane
- forced landings
- gear-up landing
- ditching
Practice this subject